Utilisateur:TomSon75/Brouillon

Années 1960 modifier

 
Patricia Barbeau utilise un magnétoscope sur le IBM 729 à Camp Smith.

Adele Mildred Koss, qui avait collaboré avec Hopper chez UNIVAC, commence à travailler à la Control Data Corporation en 1965.[1] Elle y développe des algorithmes pour les graphiques, notamment le stockage et la récupération des graphiques.

Mary K. Hawes, de la Burroughs Corporation, organise en 1959 une réunion visant à créer un langage informatique commun à différentes entreprises. Six personnes, dont Hopper, y participent, pour discuter des enjeux de ce langage commun (CBL).[2] Hopper commence à développer COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language), inventant de nouvelles manières d'écrire du code informatique.[3] Hopper développe un langage de programmation plus facile à lire et auto-documenté.[4] Une fois COBOL présenté au comité exécutif de la CODASYL (Conference on Data Systems Languages) Betty Holberton le retravaille et le soumet au Bureau d'impression du gouvernement des États-Unis en 1960.[2] IBM tarde à adopter COBOL, ce qui retarde sa progression : mais il est reconnu comme langage de référence en 1962, quand Hopper démontre sa compatibilité avec à la fois les ordinateurs UNIVAC et RCA.[5] Le développement de COBOL favorise l'apparition de compilateurs et générateurs, pour la plupart développés par des femmes telles que Koss, Nora Moser, Deborah Davidson, Sue Knapp, Gertrude Tierney et Jean E. Sammet.[6]

Sammet, employée chez IBM dès 1961, est responsable du langage FORMAC.[2] Elle publie le livre Les langages informatiques : Histoires et Fondamentaux (1969), considéré comme le "livre de référence sur les langages de programmation" selon Denise Gürer [2], et "l'un des livres les plus utilisés dans le secteur" selon le Times en 1972.[7]

 
Margaret Hamilton en 1969, posant avec la liste de logiciels qu'elle a développés avec son équipe du MIT sur la mission Apollo.[8]

Entre 1961 et 1963, Margaret Hamilton étudie la fiabilité des logiciels au sein du système de défense aérienne américain (US SAGE).[9] En 1965, elle est en charge du logiciel de vol embarqué de la mission Apollo.[10] After Hamilton had completed the program, the code was sent to [./https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raytheon Raytheon] where "expert seamstresses" called the "Little Old Ladies" actually hardwired the code by threading copper wire through magnetic rings.[10] Each system could store more than 12,000 words that were represented by the copper wires.[10]

In 1964, the British [./https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom Prime Minister] [./https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Wilson Harold Wilson] announced a "White-Hot" revolution in technology, that would give greater prominence to IT work. As women still held most computing and programming positions at this time, it was hoped that it would give them more positive career prospects.[11] In 1965, [./https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Kenneth_Keller Sister Mary Kenneth Keller] became the first American woman to earn a doctorate in computer science.[12] Keller helped develop [./https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASIC BASIC] while working as a graduate student at [./https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth_College Dartmouth], where the university "broke the 'men only' rule" so she could use its computer science center.[13]

[./https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine_Darden Christine Darden] began working for NASA's computing pool in 1967 having graduated from the [./https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampton_Institute Hampton Institute].[14] Women were involved in the development of [./https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whirlwind_I Whirlwind], including [./https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judy_Clapp Judy Clapp].[1] She created the prototype for an air defense system for Whirlwind which used radar input to track planes in the air and could direct aircraft courses.[1]

In 1969, [./https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_J._Feinler Elizabeth "Jake" Feinler], who was working for [./https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University Stanford], made the first Resource Handbook for [./https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET ARPANET].[15] This led to the creation of the ARPANET directory, which was built by Feinler with a staff of mostly women.[16] Without the directory, "it was nearly impossible to navigate the ARPANET."[17]

By the end of the decade, the general demographics of programmers had shifted away from being predominantly women, as they had before the 1940s.[18] Though women accounted for around 30 to 50 percent of computer programmers during the 1960s, few were promoted to leadership roles and women were paid significantly less than their male counterparts.[19] [./https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmopolitan_(magazine) Cosmopolitan] ran an article in the April 1967 issue about women in programming called "The Computer Girls."[20] Even while magazines such as Cosmopolitan saw a bright future for women in computers and computer programming in the 1960s, the reality was that women were still being marginalized.[21]

 
[./https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katherine_Johnson Katherine Johnson] working at [./https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA NASA] in 1966
  1. a b et c Gürer 1995, p. 177.
  2. a b c et d Gürer 1995, p. 179.
  3. Smith 2013, p. 7.
  4. Ceruzzi 1998, p. 92.
  5. Marx 2004, p. 60.
  6. Evans 2018, p. 73.
  7. (en) « Computer Authority to Speak Here », The Times,‎ (lire en ligne)
  8. Maia Weinstock, « Scene at MIT: Margaret Hamilton's Apollo code », sur MIT News, (consulté le )
  9. (en) « Margaret Hamilton », sur Computer History Museum (consulté le )
  10. a b et c (en-US) Harry Gould Harvey IV, « Her Code Got Humans on the Moon—And Invented Software Itself », WIRED,‎ (lire en ligne)
  11. Hicks 2017, p. 14.
  12. Gürer 1995, p. 180.
  13. Gürer 1995, p. 180-181.
  14. Edwards et Harris 2016, p. 50.
  15. Evans 2018, p. 112.
  16. Evans 2018, p. 113.
  17. Evans 2018, p. 116.
  18. Hicks 2017, p. 1.
  19. Evans 2018, p. 76-77.
  20. Evans 2018, p. 75.
  21. Evans 2018, p. 76.