Utilisateur:Mr Tortue/Brouillon2
Histoire
modifierThe French Revolution
modifierLe drapeau tricolore italien, comme les autres drapeaux tricolores, sont dérivés du drapeau français, introduit lors de la révolution de 1790 sur les navires de la Marine Française, et est le
The Italian tricolour, like other tricolour flags, is inspired by the French one, introduced by the revolution in 1790 on French Navy warships,[1] and is symbolic of the renewal perpetrated by the origins of Jacobinism.[2][3][4] Shortly after the French revolutionary events, the ideals of social innovation began to spread widely on the basis of the advocacy of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen of 1789, including in Italy, and subsequently political innovation with the first patriotic ferments addressed to the national self-determination that later led to the Italian unification on the Italian peninsula.[4][5] For this reason, the French blue, white and red flag became the first reference of the Italian Jacobins and subsequently a source of inspiration for the creation of an Italian identity flag.[4]
On 12 July 1789, two days before the storming of the Bastille, the revolutionary journalist Camille Desmoulins, while hailing the Parisian crowd to revolt, asked the protesters what colour to adopt as a symbol of the French Revolution, proposing green, a symbol hope or the blue of the American Revolution, a symbol of freedom and democracy. The protesters replied "The green! The green! We want green cockades!"[6] Desmoulins then seized a green leaf from the ground and pointed it to the hat as a distinctive sign of the revolutionaries.[6] The green, in the primitive French cockade, was immediately abandoned in favour of blue and red, the ancient colours of Paris, because it was also the colour of the king's brother, Count of Artois, who became monarch after the First Restoration with the name of Charles X of France.[7] The French tricolour cockade was then completed on 17 July 1789 with the addition of white, the colour of the House of Bourbon, in deference to King Louis XVI of France, who still ruled despite the violent revolts that raged in the country; the French monarchy was abolished on 10 August 1792.
The first documented use of Italian national colours is dated 21 August 1789. In the historical archives of the Republic of Genoa it is reported that eyewitnesses had seen some demonstrators hanging a red, white and green cockade on their clothes.[8] The Italian gazettes of the time had created confusion about the facts of French Revolution, especially on the replacement of green with blue, reporting that the French tricolour was green, white and red.[9] When the correct information on the chromatic composition of the French tricolour arrived in Italy, the Italian Jacobins decided to keep green instead of blue, because it represented nature and therefore metaphorically, also natural rights, or social equality and freedom, both principles dear to them.[10]
The red, white and green cockade then reappeared several years later on 13–14 November 1794 worn by a group of students of the University of Bologna, led by Luigi Zamboni and Giovanni Battista De Rolandis who attempted to plot a popular riot to topple the Catholic government of Bologna,[11][12] a city which was part of the Papal States at the time. Zamboni and De Rolandis defined themselves as "patriots" and wore tricolour cockades to signal they were inspired by Jacobin revolutionary ideals, but modified them also to distinguish themselves from the French cockade.
The red, white and green cockade appeared, after the events of Bologna, during Napoleon's entry into Milan, which took place on 15 May 1796.[13] These cockades, having the typical circular shape, possessed red on the outside, green on an intermediate position, and white on the centre.[14] These ornaments were worn by the rioters even during the religious ceremonies officiated inside the Milan Cathedral as thanks for the arrival of Napoleon, who was seen, at least initially, as a liberator.[13] The tricolour cockades then became one of the official symbols of the Milanese National Guard, which was founded on 20 November 1796, and then spread elsewhere along the Italian peninsula.[10] Later the green, white and red cockade spread to a greater extent, gradually becoming the only ornament used in Italy by the rioters.[15] The patriots began to call it "Italian cockade" making it become one of the symbols of the country.[15] The green, white and red tricolour thus acquired a strong patriotic value, becoming one of the symbols of national awareness, a change that gradually led it to enter the collective imagination of the Italians.[15]
The Napoleonic era
modifierErreur : La version française équivalente de {{Main}} est {{Article détaillé}}. Modèle:Further
The oldest documented mention of the Italian tricolour flag is linked to Napoleon Bonaparte's first descent into the Italian peninsula. The first territory to be conquered by Napoleon was Piedmont; in the historical archive of the Piedmontese municipality of Cherasco is preserved a document attesting, on 13 May 1796, on the occasion of the Armistice of Cherasco between Napoleon and the Austro-Piedmontese troops, the first mention of the Italian tricolour, referring to municipal banners hoisted on three towers in the historic centre.[16] On the document the term "green" was subsequently crossed and replaced by "blue", the colour that forms – together with white and red – the French flag.[2]
With the start of the first campaign in Italy, in many places the Jacobins of the Italian peninsula rose up, contributing, together with the Italian soldiers framed in the Napoleonic army, to the French victories.[17][18] This renewal was accepted by the Italians despite being linked to the conveniences of Napoleonic France, which had strong imperialist tendencies because the new political situation was seen as better than the previous one. However, this double-threaded link with France was more acceptable than the previous centuries of absolutism.[19]
On 11 October 1796, Napoleon communicated to the Directorate the birth of the Lombard Legion, a military unit constituted by the General Administration of Lombardy,[20][21] a government that was headed by the Transpadane Republic (1796–1797).[22] On this document, with reference to its war flag, which followed the French tricolour and which was proposed to Napoleon by the Milanese patriots,[13] it is reported that this military unit would have had a red, white and green banner, colours formerly used by Milanese National Guard as well as on the cockades.[23][24][25] In a ceremony at the Piazza del Duomo on 16 November 1796, a military flag was presented to the Lombard Legion. The Lombard Legion was therefore the first Italian military department to equip itself, as a banner, with a tricolour flag.[22] The first official approval of the Italian flag by the authorities was therefore as a military insignia of the Lombard Legion and not yet as the national flag of a sovereign Italian state.[26]
With the succession of Napoleon's military victories and the consequent founding of republics favourable to revolutionary ideals, red, white and green were adopted on military banners as a symbol of social and political innovation in many Italian cities.[4] On 19 June 1796, Bologna was occupied by Napoleon's troops.[27] On 18 October 1796,[28] together with the establishment of the Italian Legion (the military banner of this military unit was composed of a red, white and green tricolour, probably inspired by the similar decision of the Lombard Legion),[13][23][29] the wire Napoleonic congregation of magistrates, and deputies of Bologna, decided to create a civic banner of red, white and green, this time released from military use.[28] Following the adoption by the Bolognese congregation, the Italian flag became a political symbol of the struggle for the independence of Italy from foreign powers, supported by its use also in the civil sphere.[28]
The first red, white and green national flag of a sovereign Italian state was adopted on 7 January 1797, when the Fourteenth Parliament of the Cispadane Republic (1797), on the proposal of deputy Giuseppe Compagnoni, decreed "to make universal the ... standard or flag of three colours, green, white, and red ...":[30]
For having proposed the green, white and red tricolour flag, Giuseppe Compagnoni is considered the "father of the Italian flag".[31][32] The congress decision to adopt a green, white and red tricolour flag was then greeted by a jubilant atmosphere, such was the enthusiasm of the delegates, and by a peal of applause.[33] The adoption of the Italian flag by a sovereign Italian state, the Cispadane Republic, was inspired by this Bolognese banner, linked to a municipal reality and therefore still having a purely local scope, and to the previous military banners of the Lombard Legion and Italian Legion.[3][34] In particular, the Italian Legion was formed by soldiers coming from Emilia and Romagna. The flag of the Cispadane Republic was a horizontal square with red uppermost and, at the heart of the white fess, an emblem composed of a garland of laurel decorated with a trophy of arms and four arrows, representing the four provinces that formed the Republic. In France, due to the Revolution, the flag went from having a "dynastic" and "military" meaning to a "national" one, and this concept, still unknown in Italy, was transmitted by the French to the Italians.[35]
The Cispadane Republic and the Transpadane Republic merged in 1797 into the Cisalpine Republic (1797–1802) and adopted the vertical square tricolour without badge in 1798. Originally the colours of the flag of the Cisalpine Republic were arranged horizontally, with green at the top,[36] but on 11 May 1798, the Grand Council of the newborn State chose, as the national banner, an Italian tricolour with the colours arranged vertically.[37][38][39] At the formal celebration of the birth in the new republic, which took place on 9 July in Milan, 300,000 people took part, including ordinary citizens, French soldiers and representatives of the major municipalities of the republic.[19] The event was characterised by a riot of tricolour flags and cockades.[36] On this occasion, Napoleon solemnly gave to the military units of the newborn republic, after having reviewed them, their tricolour banners.[12]
The flag of the Cisalpine Republic was maintained until 1802, when it was renamed the Napoleonic Italian Republic (1802–1805), and a new flag was adopted, this time with a red field carrying a green square within a white lozenge; the presidential standard of Italy in use since 14 October 2000 was inspired by this flag.[40]
It was during this period that the green, white and red tricolour predominantly penetrated the collective imagination of the Italians, becoming an unequivocal symbol of Italianness.[41][42] In less than 20 years, the red, white and green flag had acquired its own peculiarity from a simple flag derived from the French one, becoming very famous and known.[41]
In 1799, the independent Republic of Lucca came under French influence and horizontally adopted the vertical green, white and red flag, with green at the top; this lasted until 1801. In 1805, Napoleon installed his sister, Elisa Bonaparte Baciocchi, as Princess of Lucca and Piombino. This affair is commemorated in the opening of Leo Tolstoy's War and Peace.[43]
In the same year, after Napoleon had crowned himself as the first French Emperor, the Italian Republic was transformed into the first Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy (1805–1814), or Italico, under his direct rule. The flag of the Kingdom of Italy was that of the Republic in rectangular form, charged with the golden Napoleonic eagle.[44] This remained in use until the fall of Napoleon in 1814.
Italian unification
modifierErreur : La version française équivalente de {{Main}} est {{Article détaillé}}.
The revolutions of the 19th century
modifierWith the fall of Napoleon and the restoration of the absolutist monarchical regimes, the Italian tricolour went underground, becoming the symbol of the patriotic ferments that began to spread in Italy[13][41] and the symbol which united all the efforts of the Italian people towards freedom and independence.[45] In the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia, a state dependent on the Austrian Empire born after the fall of Napoleon, those who exhibited the Italian tricolour were subject to the death penalty.[46] The Austrians' objective was in fact, quoting the textual words of Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria:[47]
Between 1820 and 1861, a sequence of events led to the independence and unification of Italy (except for Veneto and the province of Mantua, Lazio, Trentino-Alto Adige and Julian March, known as Italia irredenta, which were united with the rest of Italy in 1866 after the Third Italian War of Independence, in 1870 after the capture of Rome, and in 1918 after World War I respectively); this period of Italian history is known as the Risorgimento. The Italian tricolour waved for the first time in the history of the Risorgimento on 11 March 1821 in the Cittadella of Alessandria, during the revolutions of the 1820s, after the oblivion caused by the restoration of the absolutist monarchical regimes.[48]
The green, white and red flag reappeared during the revolutions of 1830,[48] mainly due to Ciro Menotti, the patriot who started the rebellion in Italy.[49][50] Menotti, in particular, argued that the best form of state for a united Italy was the monarchy with a sovereign chosen by a national congress. The main points of this idea were Rome as the capital of Italy and the tricolour flag as a national banner.[51] On 5 February 1831, during the Forlì uprisings, the patriot Teresa Cattani wrapped herself in the tricolour flag during the assault on the building that was the seat of the Legation of Romagna, challenging the shots of the papal soldiers.[48]
In 1831, the tricolour was chosen by Giuseppe Mazzini as the emblem of Young Italy.[52] An original flag of Young Italy is kept at the Museum of the Risorgimento and Mazzinian institute in Genoa.[53] From 1833 to 1834, the symbolism of the tricolour spread more and more along the Italian peninsula,[54] starting from northern and central Italy.[48] Mazzini, regarding the reason why the Italian patriots had participated in the uprisings of 1830–1831, said:[55]
The Italian flag also spread among political exiles, becoming the symbol of the struggle for independence and the claim to have more liberal constitutions.[56] In 1834 the tricolour was adopted by the rioters who tried to invade Savoy,[57][58] while the tricolour flag of Young Italy was brought to South America in 1835 by Giuseppe Garibaldi during his exile.[56]
The Italian flag was also waved during the uprisings of 1837 in Sicily, of 1841 in Abruzzo and of 1843 in Romagna.[48][59] In 1844, a tricolour of Young Italy accompanied the Bandiera brothers in their failed attempt to raise the population of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.[57] The patriots following the two brothers wore a uniform consisting of a blue and green shirt, white trousers, red handguards, a red and green collar, a red leather belt and a cap with an Italian tricolour cockade pinned.[60]
Italian tricolours waved, challenging the authorities, who had decreed the ban, also on the occasion of the commemoration of the revolt of the Genoese quarter of Portoria against the Habsburg occupiers during the War of the Austrian Succession. During this event, which took place on 10 December 1847 in Genoa at the square of the santuario della Nostra Signora di Loreto of the Genoese district of Oregina, Il Canto degli Italiani by Goffredo Mameli and Michele Novaro played for the first time in history; it would become the Italian national anthem from 1946.[57][61] Il Canto degli Italiani, in a verse, quotes the Italian flag:
These verses, which can be read in the second verse, recall the hope that Italy, still divided into the pre-unification states, would be united in a single nation, gathering under a single flag.[61] Starting from this period the strawberry tree plant began to be considered a national symbol of Italy due to the green leaves, white flowers and red berries, which recall the colours of the Italian flag.[62] The strawberry tree is the national tree of Italy.[62]
The Italian flag was a symbol of the revolutions of 1848. In March 1848, the Five Days of Milan, an armed insurrection which led to the temporary liberation of the city from Austrian rule, were characterised by a profusion of flags and tricolour cockades.[63][64] On 20 March, during furious fighting, with the Austrians barricaded in the Castello Sforzesco and within the defensive systems of the city walls, the patriots Luigi Torelli and Scipione Bagaggia managed to climb on the roof of the Milan Cathedral and hoist the Italian flag on the highest spire of the church, the one on which the Madonnina stands.[65] At the moment of the appearance of the tricolour on the spire of the Madonnina, the crowd below greeted the event with a series of enthusiastic "Hurray!"[66] This historic flag is kept inside the Museum of the Risorgimento in Milan.[67] The patriot Luciano Manara then managed to hoist the tricolour, amidst the Austrian artillery shots, on the top of Porta Tosa.[66] The abandonment of the city by the Austrian troops of field marshal Josef Radetzky, on 22 March, determined the immediate establishment of the provisional government of Milan chaired by the podestà Gabrio Casati, who issued a proclamation that read:[68]
The process of transforming the flag of Italy into one of the Italian national symbols was completed, definitively consolidating itself, during the Milanese uprisings.[57]
The following day King Charles Albert of Piedmont-Sardinia assured the provisional government of Milan that his troops, ready to come to his aid by starting the First Italian War of Independence, would use a tricolour defaced with the Savoyan coat of arms superimposed on the white as a war flag.[69][70] In his proclamation to the Lombard–Venetian people, Charles Albert said:[71]
As the arms, blazoned gules a cross argent, mixed with the white of the flag, it was fimbriated azure, blue being the dynastic colour, although this does not conform to the heraldic rule of tincture.[72] The rectangular civil and state variants were adopted in 1851.
A makeshift tricolour consisting of redshirts, green displays and a white sheet was hoisted on the flagpole of the ship that brought Giuseppe Garibaldi back to Italy from South America shortly after the outbreak of the First Italian War of Independence.[73] The patriots who had gathered at the port of Genoa to welcome her return gave Anita Garibaldi, in front of 3,000 people, a tricolour to be given to Giuseppe Garibaldi so that he could plant it on Lombard soil.[74]
The Grand Duchy of Tuscany in the act of granting the constitution (17 February 1848) did not change the national banner ("The State retains its flag and its colours") but later granted the Tuscan militias, by decree, the use of a tricolour scarf next to the symbols of the Grand Duchy (25 March 1848).[75] The Grand Duke, following the pressure of the Tuscan patriots, then adopted the tricolour flag also as a state banner and as a military banner for the troops sent to help Charles Albert of Piedmont-Sardinia.[73][76] Similar measures were adopted by the Duchy of Parma and Piacenza and by the Duchy of Modena and Reggio.[77]
The flag of the Constitutional Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, a white field charged with the coats of arms of Castile, Leon, Aragon, Two Sicilies, and Granada, was modified by Ferdinand II through the addition of a red and green border. This flag lasted from 3 April 1848 until 19 May 1849. The Provisional Government of Sicily, which lasted from 12 January 1848 to 15 May 1849 during the Sicilian Revolution, adopted the Italian tricolour, defaced with the trinacria, or triskelion.
The Republic of San Marco, proclaimed independent in 1848 by the Austrian Empire, also adopted the tricolour.[78][79] The flags that they adopted marked the link to Italian independence and unification efforts. The former, the Italian tricolour undefaced, and the latter, charged with the winged lion of St. Mark, from the flag of the Republic of Venice (maritime republic which existed from 697 AD until 1797 AD), on a white canton.[80] A chronicler of the time described the final moments of the subsequent capitulation of the Republic of San Marco by the Austrian troops, which took place on 22 August 1849:[81]
The tricolour flag of 1848 that greeted the expulsion of the Austrians from Venice is kept in the Museum of the Risorgimento and the Venetian 19th century.[82]
In 1849, the Roman Republic, formed following the revolt against the Papal State that dethroned the Pope, adopted as its national banner a green, white and red flag with a republican Roman eagle at the tip of the pole.[83][84][85] This lasted for four months, while the Papal States of the Church was in abeyance.[86] The Roman Republic resisted until 4 July 1849, when it was capitulated by the French Army.[81] The troops from beyond the Alps, as a last act, entered the municipality of Rome where the last members of the republican assembly not yet captured were barricaded. Their secretary Quirico Filopanti surrendered wearing a tricolour scarf.[81]
The tricolour also flew over the barricades of the Ten Days of Brescia, a revolt of the citizens of the Lombard city against the Austrian Empire,[87] and in many other centres such as Varese, Gallarate, Como, Melegnano, Cremona, Monza, Udine, Trento, Verona, Rovigo, Vicenza, Belluno and Padua.[88] This spread throughout the Italian peninsula and demonstrated that the tricolour flag had by then assumed a consolidated symbolism valid throughout the national territory.[89] The iconography of the Italian flag then began to spread not only in the vexillological and military fields, but also in some everyday objects such as scarves and clothing fabrics.[90]
This turning point lasted until the failure of revolutions and the end of the First Italian War of Independence (1849), which ended with the defeat of the Piedmont-Sardinian Army of Charles Albert; after this, the ancient flags were restored.[91] Only the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia confirmed the Italian tricolour as the national flag of the state even after the First Italian War of Independence ended.[91] After the defeat in the First Italian War of Independence in 1849, Charles Albert abdicated in favour of his son Victor Emmanuel II.
From the unification of Italy to the World War I
modifierOn 14 April 1855, before the departure for the Crimean War, the Italian tricolour flags were solemnly entrusted to the soldiers of the Sardinian Expeditionary Corps in the Crimean War by King Victor Emmanuel II of Piedmont-Sardinia with the following farewell sentence:[92][93][94]
One of the Italian flags that participated in the Crimean War is kept in the Royal Armoury of Turin.[95] In 1857, an Italian flag with the pole surmounted by a Phrygian cap and with an archipendulum, a symbol of social balance, was a symbol of the Sapri expedition, or rather the failed attempt to trigger a revolt in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies perpetrated by Carlo Pisacane.[96][97] In order not to be captured, Pisacane committed suicide, and was reported to be bandaged with the tricolour flag.[98][99]
On 10 January 1859, King Victor Emmanuel II of Piedmont-Sardinia, in front of the members of parliament, announced the imminent entry into war of the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia against the Austrian Empire:[89]
When the Second Italian War of Independence (1859) broke out, volunteers from all over Italy were enrolled in the Piedmont-Sardinian army.[100]
During the Second Italian War of Independence the cities that were gradually conquered by Victor Emmanuel II of Piedmont-Sardinia and Napoleon III of France greeted the two sovereigns as liberators in a riot of flags and tricolour cockades; even the centres about to ask for annexation to the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia through plebiscites underlined their desire to be part of a united Italy with the waving of the tricolour.[101] The Italian flag waved in Lombardy, annexed following the victory of the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia in the Second Italian War of Independence, as well as in Tuscany, Emilia, Marche and Umbria, annexed in the following year to the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia through plebiscites, but also in cities that would have had to wait some time before being annexed, such as Rome and Naples.[102][103]
The enthusiasm of the population toward the tricolour grew in addition to the army of the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia and the troops of volunteers who participated in the Second Italian War of Independence,[89] the green, white and red flag spread widely available in newly conquered or annexed regions by plebiscites, appearing on house windows, in shop windows and in public places such as hotels and taverns.[104]
The tricolour was also the flag of the United Provinces of Central Italy, a short-lived military government established by the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia that was formed by a union of the former Grand Duchy of Tuscany, Duchy of Parma, Duchy of Modena, and the Papal Legations, after their monarchs were ousted by popular revolutions.[105] The United Provinces of Central Italy existed from 1859 to 1860, when they were annexed to the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia.[106]
The tricolour accompanied, although not officially,[107] also the volunteers of the Expedition of the Thousand (1860–1861) led by Giuseppe Garibaldi, whose goal was to conquer the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.[108] Garibaldi, in particular, had an absolute deference and respect for the Italian flag.[109] Shortly after the loss of Sicily, on 25 June 1860, trying to limit the damage given the growing participation of the population in the Expedition of the Thousand, King Francis II of the Two Sicilies, decreed that the green, white and red flag was also the official banner of his Kingdom, with the House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies coat of arms superimposed on the white.[110][111][112] Adopted on 21 June 1860, this lasted until 17 March 1861, when the Two Sicilies was incorporated into the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, after its defeat in the Expedition of the Thousand. Ironically, in the final phase of the Expedition of the Thousand, the tricolour of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies fluttered in antagonism to the tricolour flag of the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia.[113] Two of the original tricolours that flew on the Lombardo steamship that participated, together with Piedmont, in the Expedition of the Thousand, are preserved, respectively, inside the Central Museum of the Risorgimento at the Vittoriano in Rome[114] and the Museum of the Risorgimento in Palermo.[115]
On 17 March 1861, there was the proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy, a formal act that sanctioned, with a normative act of the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, the birth of the unified Kingdom of Italy.[116] On 15 April 1861, the flag of the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia was declared the flag of the newly formed Kingdom of Italy.[117] The tricolour therefore continued to be the national flag also of the new State, although not officially recognised by a specific law,[118][119] but regulated with regard to the shape of military banners.[120][121][122] This Italian tricolour, with the armorial bearings of the former Royal House of Savoy, was the first national flag and lasted in that form for 85 years until the birth of the Italian Republic in 1946.
The tricolore had a universal, transversal meaning, shared by both monarchists and republicans, progressives and conservatives and Guelphs as well as by the Ghibellines. The tricolour was chosen as the flag of a united Italy also for this reason.[110] After the Unification of Italy, the use of the tricolour became increasingly widespread among the population[123] as the flag and its colours began to appear on the labels of commercial products, school notebooks, the first cars and cigar packages.[123] Even among the aristocrats it was successful; the most important families often had a flag bearer installed on the main façade of their mansions where they placed the Italian tricolour.[123] It then began to appear outside public buildings, schools, judicial offices and post offices.[123] During this period, tricolour bands were introduced for mayors and the jurors of the assize court during this period.[123]
Following the Third Italian War of Independence in 1866, Veneto and Friuli were annexed to the Kingdom of Italy; the entry of the Italian Army troops into Venice, which took place on 19 October 1866, was greeted by a profusion of tricolour flags.[124][125] Since the promulgation of a resolution of its municipal council, dated 5 November 1866, Vicenza is the only city in Italy to have adopted the tricolour flag as its own gonfalon, instead of the civic banner, loaded with the coat of arms of the municipality.[126] The Venetian city decided to patriotically change the nature of its sign shortly before the visit of King Victor Emmanuel II, who arrived in the city for the awarding of the Gold Medal of Military Valour earned by the Venetian municipality with the battle of Monte Berico, fought on 10 June 1848 in the outskirts of the city. The occasion of the Sovereign's visit, Vicenza presented Victor Emmanuel II not with his own banner but, a decision from which his subsequent resolution was to originate, the Italian tricolour.[126]
During the battle of Custoza (24 June 1866), part of the Third Italian War of Independence, near Oliosi, today part of the municipality of Castelnuovo del Garda, the soldiers of the 44th regiment of the "Forlì" brigade saved the tricolour war flag from the capture of the Austro-Hungarian Army. In order not to hand over their military banner to the enemy, they tore the drape of the tricolour flag into 13 pieces, divided among those present, and hid those shreds of cloth under the jacket. After the war it was possible to recover 11 of the 13 portions of the cloth and thus reconstruct the flag, named Tricolore di Oliosi.[127] Every year, on the third Sunday in June, the remembrance of the war episode is celebrated in Oliosi.[128] At the military parade on 2 June 2011, held in via dei Fori Imperiali in Rome on the occasion of the celebrations for the 150th anniversary of the unification of Italy, the Tricolore di Oliosi was paraded on a cannon carriage along with five other historic Italian flags.[129]
Massimo d'Azeglio was among the first to recognize the importance of the tricolour flag as a tool for forming a widespread national awareness.[118] In this regard he declared:[118] "The flag is a privileged symbol in the pedagogy of a nation". Tricolour flags then greeted the Italian Army during the march toward Rome, which ended with the capture of Rome on 20 September 1870, and the annexation of Lazio to the Kingdom of Italy.[118][130][125] Rome officially became the capital of Italy on 1 January 1871, while the establishment of the royal court and the Savoy government took place on 6 July of the same year. From this date, the Italian flag flies from the highest flagpole of the Quirinal Palace.[131]
The first Italian colony was founded in 1882, the Assab bay, which became the first outpost of the future Italian Eritrea, where the flag of Italy waved in an Italian colony for the first time.[132] Subsequently, the tricolour also waved in the Italian Somaliland, in the Italian Libya, in the Italian concession of Tientsin and in the Italian Islands of the Aegean.
In 1897, the Italian flag had its 100th anniversary. The centennial celebration in Reggio Emilia, where the tricolour was created on 7 January 100 years earlier,[133] Giosuè Carducci, who later became the first Italian to win the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1906,[134] defined the flag as "blessed" and kissed it at the end of the speech.[135][133][136]
Around 1880 began large waves of Italian diaspora, especially towards the Americans. The tricolour, often carried in the suitcases of migrants, began to wave outside the national borders, especially in the Little Italies that were forming around the world.[137] This bond with the land of origin did not fade with the passing of generations—often still alive in the third or fourth generation.[138] Several years earlier in 1861, U.S. president Abraham Lincoln reviewed some military units that were participating in the American Civil War—among them was a Garibaldi Guard, made up of Italian immigrants, which had as its military banner the tricolour flag.[137]
In 1885, the tricolour jersey was introduced for the cyclist who won the title of champion of Italy.[139] Conceptually, this recognition is similar to the placement of a tricolour shield, the scudetto, on the jerseys of the team champion of Italy in football, rugby, volleyball and basketball.[139] The idea of affixing a scudetto on the shirts of the winning sports teams of the respective national championships was Gabriele D'Annunzio.[140] In football, the first sport to use it, it was introduced in 1924.[140]
In 1889, in the culinary field, the pizza Margherita was invented, named in honour of Queen Margherita of Savoy, whose main ingredients recall the tricolour flag. Green for the basil, white for the mozzarella and red for the tomato sauce.[141] With the first trade union struggles at the end of the 19th century, the Italian flag began to wave in the hands of the demonstrators during strikes.[142] Even during the struggles perpetrated by the Fasci Siciliani between 1892 and 1894 there was a profusion of Italian flag.[143] They were contrasted by the tricolours of the police sent by the government to quell the trade union revolts.[142] On 25 April 1900, the Italian flag flew in the Franz Josef Land, an archipelago located north of the Russian Empire between the Arctic Ocean and the Kara Sea,[144][145] an expedition organized in the arctic areas led by explorer Umberto Cagni.[144]
On 29 July 1900, King Umberto I of Italy, who succeeded his father Victor Emmanuel II in 1878, was assassinated in Monza at a public ceremony with the streets flagged with tricolours.[146] The king was shot four times by the Italian-American anarchist Gaetano Bresci. Bresci claimed he wanted to avenge the people killed in Milan during the suppression of the riots of May 1898.[147] Umberto I was succeeded by his son Victor Emmanuel III of Italy.
The two world wars and the interwar period
modifierItaly entered World War I in 1915 with the aim of completing national unity, and for this reason, the Italian intervention in World War I is also considered the Fourth Italian War of Independence[148] in a historiographical perspective that identifies in the latter the conclusion of the unification of Italy, whose military actions began during the revolutions of 1848 with the First Italian War of Independence.[149][150] King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy, the day the Kingdom of Italy entered the war, appeared from the balcony of the Quirinal Palace while waving the tricolour shouting "Long live Italy".[151] Victor Emmanuel III then made an official proclamation shortly before leaving for the Italian war front, which read, in its final part:[152][153]
The tricolour flag was a symbol in both the trenches and in the civil sphere.[154] The colours green, white and red were widely used as a stimulus to the general mobilization and moral sustenance of the civilian population, which was climbing a path that would have led to a very difficult situation, characterized by many deprivations.[151] In the trenches, the tricolour was a fundamental symbol to spur the soldiers, while on the home front it was important for compacting and strengthening civil society.[151]
During the flight over Vienna, on 9 August 1918 aerial flyer Gabriele D'Annunzio launched the tricolour leaflet over Vienna with which he exhorted the enemy to surrender and end the war.[155][156] The Italian troops then entered Trieste in November 1918 following the victory in the battle of Vittorio Veneto, which ended the conflict with the retreat and the definitive defeat of the Austrians. The War Bulletin No. 1267 of 3 November 1918 by General Armando Diaz announced the Bollettino della Vittoria and the Bollettino della Vittoria Navale by few days, read:[157]
After World War I, the Italian flag was also a symbol of the Impresa di Fiume, led by D'Annunzio, and a consequence of the so-called "mutilated victory", a term used to describe the dissatisfaction concerning territorial rewards in favour of Italy at the end of World War I, shouted: "raise the flag: wave the tricolour!"[157] During the Italian Regency of Carnaro (1919–1920), a state entity that administered the city of Fiume, now part of modern-day Croatia, D'Annunzio defined the Italian flag "the garment of the eternal nation" and urged the Italians to rebel against those responsible for the defeat of Caporetto by waving the "tricolour across the sky".[158]
In particular, Italy, as a peace agreement at the conclusion of World War I, signed the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919) and the Treaty of Rapallo (1920), which allowed the annexation of Trentino Alto-Adige, Julian March, Istria, Kvarner, with the cities of Trieste, Trento, Gorizia, Pola, as well as the Dalmatian city of Zara.[159] The subsequent Treaty of Rome (1924) led to the annexation of the city of Fiume to Italy.[159]
The coffin of the Italian Unknown Soldier was placed on the gun carriage of a cannon and wrapped in a tricolour flag during its journey from the Basilica di Santa Maria Assunta, Aquileia to the Altare della Patria in Rome, which took place in 1921 on a railway hearse. This historic flag is kept inside the Central Museum of the Risorgimento at the Vittoriano in Rome.[160]
With the March on Rome in 1922, and the establishment of the fascist dictatorship, the Italian flag lost its symbolic uniqueness partly obscured by the iconography of the regime.[161][162] When it was used, as the symbol of the National Fascist Party, its history was distorted, given that the tricolour was born as a symbol of freedom and civil rights.[155] Despite this supporting role, with the royal decree nº 2072 of 24 September 1923 and subsequently with the law nº2264 of 24 December 1925, the tricolour officially became the national flag of the Kingdom of Italy.[157][158] On 31 January 1923, the salute to the flag by the students of Italian schools was instituted by the Ministry of Public Education whereby every Saturday morning, at the end of the lesson, the students paid homage to the flag with the Roman salute and with the performance of patriotic musical pieces.[158]
In 1926, the Fascist regime attempted to have the Italian national flag redesigned by having the fasces, the symbol used by the Fascist movement, included on the flag.[163] However, this attempt by the Fascist government to change the Italian flag to incorporate the fasces was stopped by strong opposition to the proposal by Italian monarchists.[163] Afterwards, the Fascist government raised the national tricolour flag along with a Fascist black flag in public ceremonies.[164][165]
In 1926, an Italian flag was first brought to the North Pole by the Norge airship during the expedition led by Umberto Nobile and Roald Amundsen;[166] the tricolours then greeted Italo Balbo in his oceanic seaplane crossings.[167]
The Azione Cattolica, which made the Italian flag its banner in 1931, grouped the children of its organization dedicated to children into three categories, which were based on age group and colours of the Italian flag: "green flames", "white flames" and "red flames".[158] In August 1933, the Italian ocean liner SS Rex, which had just won the Blue Riband, arrived in New York City setting the record for Atlantic Ocean crossing in the shortest time (four days) was greeted by the waving of tricolour flags.[168]
Trains covered with tricolour flags carried the settlers to the new cities founded after the reclamation of the Pontine Marshes, while on 5 May 1936 there was the solemn flag-raising in Addis Ababa, Italian Ethiopia, which greeted the founding of the Italian Empire.[169] The flag in Addis Ababa was then lowered in November 1941 at the end of the East African campaign, which was fought during World War II.[170]
Italy entered World War II on 10 June 1940 with the speech by Benito Mussolini delivered from the main balcony of Palazzo Venezia in Rome; the climate, however, was very different from that which characterized Italy's entry into World War I.[171] The king did not appear on the balcony of the Quirinal Palace waving the flag as he did in 1915.[171]
During World War II, the Italian flag came back strongly after the Armistice of Cassibile of 8 September 1943, where it was taken as a symbol by the two sides who faced each other in the Italian Civil War[158][172] in an attempt to recall the unification of Italy and its cultural tradition.[173] In particular, it was used by the partisans as a symbol of the struggle against tyrants and emblem of the dream of a free Italy.[172] Even the communist partisan brigades, which had the red flag as the official banner, often waved the Italian flag.[172]
Tricolour flags were also the official banners of the Italian Partisan Republics and of the National Liberation Committee, as well as their antagonists, the Republicans[174] in an attempt to recall the period of the unification of Italy and its cultural background.[173] The national flag of the short-lived Fascist state in northern Italy, the Italian Social Republic (1943–1945), or "Republic of Salò" as it was commonly known, was identical to the flag of the modern Italian Republic, as both republics used the previous flag of the Kingdom of Italy with the coat of arms of Savoy removed.
This flag was somewhat rarely seen, however, while the war flag, charged with a silver/black eagle clutching horizontally placed fascio littorio (literally, bundles of the lictors), was very common in propaganda.[175] Italian fascism derived its name from the fasces, which symbolised imperium, or power and authority, in ancient Rome. Roman legions had carried the aquila, or eagle, as signa militaria.
The Italian tricolour was also used for propaganda. The Italian Social Republic, for example, used it on a poster depicting Goffredo Mameli, the author of the lyrics of Il Canto degli Italiani, the national anthem of Italy from 1946, with an unsheathed sword and a tricolour behind him while he launches towards an assault.[176] This poster bears the words "Brothers of Italy / Italy has woken!" and "1849–1944 The spirit of Goffredo Mameli/Defend the Social Republic".[176]
On 25 April 1945, the government of Mussolini fell. This event is commemorated by Liberation Day. With the liberation, the tricolour appeared in public places such as the towers of town halls, on bell towers of churches, and in factories.[176] Remembering these events, Francesco Cossiga, at the time president of the Senate of the Republic, in a speech delivered on 28 June 1984, said:[176]
In the eastern Italian territories occupied by the Yugoslav partisan militias, the Italian flag was used with a red star in the centre as a model of the flag used by the partisan Garibaldi Brigades initially in the city of Fiume in 1943, then extended to all the territories where the Italian ethnic minority (Istrian Italians and Dalmatian Italians) resided. Having entered Yugoslavia, this flag remained official until 1992, when it was officially replaced by the flag adopted by the Italian state.[177][178][179]
Following the defeat of Italy in World War II and the Paris Treaties of 1947, Istria, Kvarner and most of Julian March, with the cities of Pola, Fiume and Zara, passed to Yugoslavia, and after the latter's dissolution, to Croatia, causing the Istrian-Dalmatian exodus which led to the emigration of between 230,000 and 350,000 of local ethnic Italians (Istrian Italians and Dalmatian Italians), the others being ethnic Slovenians, ethnic Croatians, and ethnic Istro-Romanians, choosing to maintain Italian citizenship.[180] After World War II, Gorizia was divided in two: one part remained with Italy while the other, which was renamed "Nova Gorica", passed first to Yugoslavia and then to Slovenia.[181]
Italian Republic
modifierOn 13 June 1946, the Italian Republic was officially founded and the last king of Italy Umberto II, who succeeded his father Victor Emmanuel III on 9 May 1946, left the country on 13 June into exile. On the same day, the tricolour with the Savoy coat of arms in the centre was lowered from the Quirinal Palace.[182] The Italian flag was modified with the decree of the president of the Council of Ministers No. 1 of 19 June 1946. Compared to the monarchic banner, the Savoy coat of arms was eliminated.[183][184][185] This decision was later confirmed in the session of 24 March 1947 by the Constituent Assembly, which decreed the insertion of article 12 of the Italian Constitution, subsequently ratified by the Italian Parliament, which states:[184][186][187]
The members of the Constituent Assembly were deeply moved when they approved this article, and as a sign of joy and respect, stood up and applauded at length shortly after the approval.[184] Shortly before the officialisation of the flag in the constitution, on 7 January 1947, the tricolour turned 150.[188] The role of master of ceremonies that belonged to Giosuè Carducci 50 years earlier was assumed by Luigi Salvatorelli, whose speech, uttered during the Reggio Emilia official celebrations in the presence of Enrico De Nicola, Provisional Head of State, alluded to the delicate phase that post-war Italy was going through[188] with particular reference to the humiliations suffered by the country in World War II:[189][190]
The Republican tricolour was then officially and solemnly delivered to the Italian military corps on 4 November 1947 on the occasion of National Unity and Armed Forces Day.[191] The universally adopted ratio is 2:3, while the war flag is squared (1:1). Each comune also has a gonfalone bearing its coat of arms. On 27 May 1949, a law was passed that described and regulated the way the flag was displayed outside public buildings and during national holidays.[187]
During the republican era, the tricolour greeted important events in Italian history. The flag was hoisted at the top of K2 during the Italian expedition in 1954 that led Achille Compagnoni and Lino Lacedelli to be the first people to reach the summit of this mountain—the second highest in the world after Mount Everest, and was brought in 2011 to the International Space Station by astronaut Roberto Vittori on the occasion of the 150th anniversary of the unification of Italy.[184][192] A profusion of Italian flags greeted the return of Trieste to Italy in 1954, which took place following the agreements signed between the governments of Italy, the United Kingdom, the United States and Yugoslavia concerning the status of the Free Territory of Trieste, an independent territory situated between northern Italy and Yugoslavia. The territory, under the direct responsibility of the United Nations Security Council in the aftermath of World War II, established on 10 February 1947 by a protocol of the Treaty of Peace with Italy.[184]
The Italian naval ensign comprises the national flag defaced with the arms of the Italian Navy; the mercantile marine (and private citizens at sea) use the civil ensign, differenced by the absence of the mural crown and the lion holding open the gospel, bearing the inscription, PAX TIBI MARCE EVANGELISTA MEVS instead of a sword.[193] The shield is quartered, symbolic of the four great thalassocracies of Italy, the repubbliche marinare of Venice (represented by the lion passant, top left), Genoa (top right), Amalfi (bottom left), and Pisa (represented by their respective crosses); the rostrata crown was proposed by Admiral Cavagnari in 1939 to acknowledge the Navy's origins in ancient Rome.[194]
The tricolour flag was the official banner of the Italian Trust Administration of Somalia (1950–1960), which was granted on a UN mandate, and which was the first peacekeeping mission of the Italian Army.[195] The tricolour continues to represent Italy in all peacekeeping missions in which the Italian Armed Forces participate.[196][197]
In 1997, on its bicentenary, 7 January was declared Tricolour Day; it is intended as a celebration, though not a public holiday.[198] On 31 December 1996, with the same law that established the Tricolour Day, a celebration held on 7 January of each year in memory of the adoption of the red, white and green flag by the Cispadane Republic (7 January 1797), established a national committee of 20 members that would have the objective of organising the first solemn commemoration of the birth of the Italian flag.[199]
Among the events celebrating the bicentenary of the Italian flag, was the longest tricolour in history, which also entered the Guinness World Records at 7 536 mètres carrés (81 116,8287744 pi2) long, 4,8 mètres (15,74803152 pi) wide and had an area of 7 536 mètres carrés (81 116,8287744 pi2), and paraded in Rome from the Colosseum to the Capitoline Hill.[200]
During the celebrations for the 140 years of national unity, on 4 November 2001, in San Martino della Battaglia, during the National Unity and Armed Forces Day, in reference to the tricolour, the former president of the Italian Republic, Carlo Azeglio Ciampi, said:[187]
In 2003, a state ensign was created specifically for non-military vessels engaged in non-commercial government service whereby the Italian tricolour is defaced with the national coat of arms.[201] Since 1914, the Italian Air Force have also used a roundel of concentric rings in the colours of the tricolour as aircraft marking, substituted, from 1923 to 1943, by encircled fasces. The Frecce Tricolori, officially known as the 313º Gruppo Addestramento Acrobatico, is its aerobatic demonstration team.
The law n. 222 of 23 November 2012, concerning "Rules on the acquisition of knowledge and skills in the field of" Citizenship and Constitution "and on the teaching of the Mameli hymn in schools", prescribes the study in schools of the Italian flag and other national symbols of Italy.[202]
- « Le drapeau français – Présidence de la République » [archive du ] (consulté le )
- (it) « Otto mesi prima di Reggio il tricolore era già una realtà » [archive du ] (consulté le )
- (it) « I simboli della Repubblica » [archive du ] (consulté le )
- Maiorino 2002, p. 156.
- Fiorini 1897, p. 239–267 and 676–710.
- (it) Giacomo Bolzano, Giovani del terzo millennio, di Giacomo Bolzano, Armando Editore, (ISBN 9788883587504, lire en ligne)
- (it) « Il verde no, perché è il colore del re. Così la Francia ha scelto la bandiera blu, bianca e rossa ispirandosi all'America » (consulté le )
- (it) Nicola Ferorelli, « La vera origine del tricolore italiano », Rassegna Storica del Risorgimento, vol. XII, no fasc. III, , p. 662 (lire en ligne [archive du ], consulté le )
- (it) Nicola Ferorelli, « La vera origine del tricolore italiano », Rassegna Storica del Risorgimento, vol. XII, no fasc. III, , p. 666 (lire en ligne [archive du ], consulté le )
- (it) « I valori – Il Tricolore » [archive du ] (consulté le )
- « Mostra Giovan Battista De Rolandis e il Tricolore » [archive du ], sur 150.provincia.asti.it (consulté le )
- Villa 2010, p. 12.
- Villa 2010, p. 10.
- Colangeli 1965, p. 13.
- (it) Nicola Ferorelli, « La vera origine del tricolore italiano », Rassegna Storica del Risorgimento, vol. XII, no fasc. III, , p. 668 (lire en ligne [archive du ], consulté le )
- Giovanni Francesco Damilano, Libro familiare di me sacerdote ed avvocato Giovanni Francesco Damilano 1775–1802, Cherasco, Fondo Adriani, Historical Archive of the City of Cherasco, 1803, p. 36.
- Tarozzi 1999, p. 66.
- Tarozzi 1999, p. 69.
- Maiorino 2002, p. 162.
- Bovio 1996, p. 19.
- Tarozzi 1999, p. 67.
- (it) « L'Esercito del primo Tricolore » [archive du ] (consulté le )
- Busico 2005, p. 11.
- « Il significato dei tre colori della nostra Bandiera Nazionale » [archive du ], sur radiomarconi.com (consulté le )
- On 11 October 1796, Napoleon wrote to the Directorate, "Les couleurs nationales qu'ils ont adoptées sont le vert, le blanc et le rouge" (the national colours they have adopted are green, white, and red), Corr. Nap. II, No. 1085; see Frasca, Francesco Les Italiens dans l'Armée napoléonienne: Des légions aux Armées de la République italienne et du Royaume d'Italie « https://web.archive.org/web/20090513032143/http://www.napoleon-series.org/military/organization/c_italy.html »(Archive.org • Wikiwix • Archive.is • Google • Que faire ?), Etudes napoléoniennes, Tome IV (pp. 374–396) Levallois: Centre d'études napoléoniennes, 1988
- Tarozzi 1999, p. 67–68.
- Colangeli 1965, p. 14.
- Villa 2010, p. 11.
- Tarozzi 1999, p. 68.
- The tri-coloured standard.Getting to Know Italy, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (retrieved 5 October 2008) « https://web.archive.org/web/20080223131121/http://www.esteri.it/MAE/EN/Benvenuti_in_Italia/Conoscere_Italia/bandieraInno.htm »(Archive.org • Wikiwix • Archive.is • Google • Que faire ?),
- Maiorino 2002, p. 157.
- Tarozzi 1999, p. 9.
- Maiorino 2002, p. 158.
- (it) « Bologna, 28 ottobre 1796: Nascita della Bandiera Nazionale Italiana » [archive du ] (consulté le )
- Fiorini 1897, p. 685.
- Maiorino 2002, p. 163.
- Vecchio 2003, p. 42.
- Villa 2010, p. 13.
- Busico 2005, p. 17.
- (it) « Lo Stendardo presidenziale » [archive du ] (consulté le )
- Maiorino 2002, p. 169.
- Villa 2010, p. 15.
- "Well, Prince, so Genoa and Lucca are now just family estates of the Bonapartes", facsimile of the 1922 English translation « https://web.archive.org/web/20081224215501/http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext01/wrnpc12.txt »(Archive.org • Wikiwix • Archive.is • Google • Que faire ?), by Aylmer and Louise Maude, Project Gutenberg (retrieved 5 October 2008)
- Bovio 1996, p. 37.
- Ghisi, Enrico Il tricolore italiano (1796–1870) Milano: Anonima per l'Arte della Stampa, 1931; see Gay, H. Nelson in The American Historical Review Vol. 37 No. 4 (pp. 750–751), July 1932 JSTOR:1843352
- Colangeli 1965, p. 17.
- Bronzini 1986, p. 137.
- Villa 2010, p. 18.
- Maiorino 2002, p. 170.
- Busico 2005, p. 25–27.
- Busico 2005, p. 25.
- Maiorino 2002, p. 172.
- Maiorino 2002, p. 290.
- Tarozzi 1999, p. 74.
- Villa 2010, p. 53.
- Maiorino 2002, p. 173.
- Villa 2010, p. 19.
- Busico 2005, p. 27.
- Maiorino 2002, p. 174.
- Villa 2010, p. 55.
- Maiorino 2002, p. 175.
- (it) « Il corbezzolo simbolo dell'Unità d'Italia. Una specie che resiste agli incendi » [archive du ], (consulté le )
- Bellocchi 2008, p. 38.
- Busico 2005, p. 33.
- Villa 2010, p. 20–21.
- Villa 2010, p. 21.
- Busico 2005, p. 191.
- Bellocchi 2008, p. 40.
- Bellocchi 2008, p. 49.
- Maiorino 2002, p. 179.
- See Lawrence, D. H. (ed. Philip Crumpton) Movements in European History (p. 230) Cambridge University Press, 1989 for an overview
- Lo Statuto Albertino Art. 77, dato in Torino addì quattro del mese di marzo l'anno del Signore mille ottocento quarantotto, e del Regno Nostro il decimo ottavo (given in Turin on the fourth of the month of March in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and forty-eight, and of Our Reign the eighteenth)
- Maiorino 2002, p. 184.
- Villa 2010, p. 20.
- Bellocchi 2008, p. 27.
- Bellocchi 2008, p. 27–28.
- Bellocchi 2008, p. 28–33.
- Bellocchi 2008, p. 43.
- Busico 2005, p. 32.
- Lawrence, op. cit. (p. 229)
- Busico 2005, p. 37.
- Maiorino 2002, p. 292.
- Tarozzi 1999, p. 75.
- Maiorino 2002, p. 188.
- Bellocchi 2008, p. 72.
- Rostenberg, Leona, "Margaret Fuller's Roman Diary", The Journal of Modern History Vol. 12 No. 2 (pp. 209–220), June 1940
- Villa 2010, p. 23–24.
- Bellocchi 2008, p. 40 and 42.
- Villa 2010, p. 24.
- Tarozzi 1999, p. 156.
- Bellocchi 2008, p. 81.
- Maiorino 2002, p. 193.
- Bellocchi 2008, p. 82 and 84.
- Busico 2005, p. 39.
- Maiorino 2002, p. 289.
- Villa 2010, p. 23.
- Maiorino 2002, p. 191.
- Maiorino 2002, p. 192.
- Bellocchi 2008, p. 85.
- Busico 2005, p. 41.
- Bellocchi 2008, p. 96–101.
- Bellocchi 2008, p. 101.
- Busico 2005, p. 43.
- Maiorino 2002, p. 196–198.
- « Storia minima della bandiera italiana – 2 » [archive du ] (consulté le )
- « States and Regents of the World – Central Italy 1859–1860 » [archive du ] (consulté le )
- Maiorino 2002, p. 202–203.
- Villa 2010, p. 25.
- Maiorino 2002, p. 198.
- Maiorino 2002, p. 207.
- Bellocchi 2008, p. 118–119.
- Villa 2010, p. 60.
- Maiorino 2002, p. 208.
- (it) « Museo centrale del Risorgimento – Complesso del Vittoriano » [archive du ] (consulté le )
- Busico 2005, p. 197.
- « Regno di Sardegna, Regno d'Italia, Repubblica Italiana » [archive du ], (consulté le )
- Regio decreto n. 2072 del 24 settembre 1923, convertito nella legge n. 2264 del 24 dicembre 1923
- Villa 2010, p. 26.
- « Storia della bandiera italiana » [archive du ] (consulté le )
- Maiorino 2002, p. 201.
- Bellocchi 2008, p. 105.
- Busico 2005, p. 45.
- Maiorino 2002, p. 219.
- Maiorino 2002, p. 212.
- Busico 2005, p. 53.
- (it) « Il Giornale di Vicenza.it – Dossier – Vicenza – Italia 150° – 3 – Bandiera invece del gonfalone. Vicenza è l'unica città d'Italia » [archive du ] (consulté le )
- (it) « La bandiera fatta a pezzi (per salvarla dal nemico) » [archive du ] (consulté le )
- (it) Società Athesis s. p. a, « Giorni del tricolore Oliosi festeggia la sua bandiera », L'Arena.it, {{Article}} : paramètre «
date
» manquant (lire en ligne) - (it) « La bandiera fatta a pezzi (per salvarla dal nemico) Il vessillo di Oliosi a Roma con i tricolori storici » [archive du ] (consulté le )
- Maiorino 2002, p. 214.
- Maiorino 2002, p. 216–217.
- Maiorino 2002, p. 222.
- Maiorino 2002, p. 226.
- (en) « Giosue Carducci | Italian poet », Encyclopædia Britannica, {{Article}} : paramètre «
date
» manquant (lire en ligne) - Busico 2005, p. 13.
- Villa 2010, p. 28–29.
- Maiorino 2002, p. 227.
- Tarozzi 1999, p. 297.
- Tarozzi 1999, p. 320.
- (it) Paolo Pierangelo, « 150 anni di D'Annunzio, l'ideatore dello scudetto sulle maglie da gioco » [archive du ] (consulté le )
- Maiorino 2002, p. 220.
- Maiorino 2002, p. 228.
- Tarozzi 1999, p. 12.
- Maiorino 2002, p. 231.
- Villa 2010, p. 29.
- (it) « "L'ultimo giorno del Re": 120 anni dopo Monza rivive l'attentato a Umberto I » [archive du ], (consulté le )
- (en) Christopher Duggan, The Force of Destiny. A History of Italy Since 1796, Allen Lane, (ISBN 978-0-713-99709-5), p. 349
- (it) « Il 1861 e le quattro Guerre per l'Indipendenza (1848–1918) » [archive du ], (consulté le )
- (it) « La Grande Guerra nei manifesti italiani dell'epoca » [archive du ] (consulté le )
- (it) Piergiovanni Genovesi, Il Manuale di Storia in Italia, di Piergiovanni Genovesi, FrancoAngeli, (ISBN 9788856818680, lire en ligne)
- Maiorino 2002, p. 238.
- Maiorino 2002, p. 239.
- Villa 2010, p. 29–30.
- Tarozzi 1999, p. 235.
- Maiorino 2002, p. 243.
- Busico 2005, p. 63.
- Busico 2005, p. 65.
- Villa 2010, p. 31.
- Tobia 2011, p. 55.
- Maiorino 2002, p. 285.
- Maiorino 2002, p. 247.
- Tarozzi 1999, p. 257.
- Mack Smith, Denis Italy and its Monarchy (p. 265) Yale University Press, 1989
- Maiorino 2002, p. 248.
- Gentile, Emilio The sacralization of politics in fascist Italy (p. 119) Harvard University Press, 1996
- (it) « I dirigibili, il tricolore e la tenda rossa: il Polo Nord di Umberto Nobile, pilota aristocratico » [archive du ], (consulté le )
- Maiorino 2002, p. 249–251.
- Maiorino 2002, p. 348.
- Maiorino 2002, p. 252–253.
- Maiorino 2002, p. 259.
- Maiorino 2002, p. 256.
- Maiorino 2002, p. 267.
- Tarozzi 1999, p. 337.
- Maiorino 2002, p. 268.
- Foggia della bandiera nazionale e della bandiera di combattimento delle Forze Armate decreto legislativo del Duce della Repubblica Sociale Italiana e Capo del Governo n. 141 del 28 gennaio 1944, XXII EF (GU 107 del 6 maggio 1944 XXII EF)
- Villa 2010, p. 32.
- Croatian Official Gazette No. 65/1991 and No. 27/1992
- Croatian Official Gazette No. 15/1997
- Official Gazette of the Italian Republic No. 104 of 7 May 1998
- Benedetta Tobagi, « La Repubblica italiana | Treccani, il portale del sapere » [archive du ], Treccani.it (consulté le )
- « Treaty of Peace with Italy – Paris, 10 February 1947 » (consulté le )
- (it) « 2 giugno. Ricordo di un galantuomo: Umberto II di Savoia, ultimo Re d'Italia » [archive du ] (consulté le )
- Maiorino 2002, p. 273.
- Villa 2010, p. 33.
- Tarozzi 1999, p. 333.
- Tarozzi 1999, p. 337–338.
- Busico 2005, p. 71.
- Maiorino 2002, p. 272.
- Tarozzi 1999, p. 341.
- Busico 2005, p. 69.
- Tarozzi 1999, p. 363.
- (it) « Vittori porta nello Spazio il tricolore » [archive du ] (consulté le )
- Decreto legislativo del capo provvisorio dello stato n. 1305 del 9 novembre 1947 (GU 275 del 29 novembre 1947)
- La Bandiera della Marina Militare « https://web.archive.org/web/20080915020611/http://www.marina.difesa.it/storia/tradizioni/bandiera.asp »(Archive.org • Wikiwix • Archive.is • Google • Que faire ?), Le nostre tradizioni, Ministero della Difesa (retrieved 5 October 2008)
- (it) « 1950–1958. In Somalia per l'AFIS: la prima missione di pace » [archive du ] (consulté le )
- Bellocchi 2008, p. 49–63.
- Busico 2005, p. 73.
- Celebrazione nazionale del bicentenario della prima bandiera nazionale Legge n. 671 del 31 dicembre 1996 « https://web.archive.org/web/20041228080620/http://www.parlamento.it/parlam/leggi/96671l.htm »(Archive.org • Wikiwix • Archive.is • Google • Que faire ?), (GU 1 del 2 gennaio 1997)
- Article 1 of the law n. 671 of 31 December 1996 ("National celebration of the bicentenary of the first national flag")
- Busico 2005, p. 235.
- Ratifica ed esecuzione del Memorandum di Intesa tra il Ministero della difesa della Repubblica italiana e il Comando Supremo delle Forze Alleate in Atlantico riguardo alla bandiera dell’unità per ricerche costiere della NATO, con annesso 1, firmato a Roma il 15 maggio 2001 ed a Norfolk il 20 giugno 2001 Legge n. 321 del 24 ottobre 2003 « https://web.archive.org/web/20090821114506/http://legxiv.camera.it/parlam/leggi/03321l.htm »(Archive.org • Wikiwix • Archive.is • Google • Que faire ?), (GU 271 del 21 novembre 2003)
- Article 1 of the law n. 222 of 23 November 2012 ("Rules on the acquisition of knowledge and skills in the field of" Citizenship and Constitution "and on the teaching of the Mameli hymn in schools")