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Jean Jules Jusserand, was born on the 18 February 1855 in Lyon, and died on the 18 July 1932 in Paris. He was a french historian and diplomat.

Birth and education

Born in a rich Lyonnais family, Jean Jules Jusserand spent his childhood between his familial residence in Saint-Haon-le-Chatel and Chalon's boarding school in Lyon. He was sent to this prestigious school to receive the best education possible. This boarding school had a strict religious reputation, as boys were pushed to their limits in both academic and extracuricular activities such as swimming, gymnastics and drawing. It also offered opportunities to learn ancient languages such as Latin and Greek and modern internationnal languages such as English and Italian. This wide and multi-cultural education gave J.J. Jusserand the desire to travel, to discover new cultures and a curious and outgoing personnality. After his father's death in 1870, he was determined to honour him by learning new cultures and excelling in his international and bicultural carreer.

After his scolarship in Chartreux, he continued his studies at the Université de Lyon, not knowing where these studies would lead him. He also wanted to increase his knowledge, which he judged insufficient. He studied literature, science, law and history, where he became an excellent student in all the subjects. He received two licenses, history and law, and, despite the worries his family had about him not completing his studies, he obtained a doctorate in history. Jusserand continued travelling across the world, learning languages and discovering new horizons. He completed his studies in 1875 and pursued an international career.

Career

His career started in 1878 when he applied to the Foreign Affairs national competition, at the age of 23. He first started as a student-consul, and he was then kept as a help-consul in London under the direction of Mr. Langlet, who congratulated him on his remarkable work. In 1880, he became sous-chef of the 'cabinet de Barthélemy-Saint-Hilaire', where he worked as minister of foreign affairs. His literary work enabled him to reach a higher status as Paul Cambon's partner, the Minister of France in Tunisia, in 1882. During this time Jusserand will be in charge of the administrative organisation of the protectorate. He is then known as a respected diplomate, thanks to his contributions to the great humanization of the protectorate. Jusserand came back to the Quai d’Orsay In 1887, in a delicate moment, where he worked in the political sector. In 1898 he exerced in the role of emissary near Saint-Siège, then Minister of France in Copenhagen. Jusserand will be finally named ambassador in Washington in 1902, under the presidency of Loubet.

Ambassador in Washington

Portrait of Jean Jules Jusserand in 1903

During the war

Jean Jules Jusserand played an important role in the United States's entry into the war. As early as 1914, he campaigned for the entry of the United States to support France. It was a period of anguish and concern for Jusserand because the American public's opinion was very divided. It took the Americans more than three years to enter the war, being triggered by the submarine campaign launched by Germany.

On the 12th of March, 1917, the House of Representatives authorised the arming of commercial vessels. Following the attack on two US ships by German U-boats, the US president realised on the 20th of March that the US was in fact at war with Germany. The United States would not be able to limit its intervention to the naval domain alone. On the 2nd of April, he announced to Congress that he wished to go to war alongside the Entente, sending troops on French soil, thus directly entering the conflict. The US Senate approved this resolution by 182 votes to 6. On the 6th of April, 1917, the US was officially at war. On the 28th of June, 1917, the first American division landed at Saint-Nazaire. Jean Jules Jusserand said on this occasion: "For the first time, a neutral nation has decided to enter the conflict without prior bargaining, without having laid down a condition."

On May 10, 1917, French Prime Minister George Clemenceau sent him a telegram to congratulate him on his action, saying "All you have said is excellent." On September 5, the United States of America participated in their first offensive against Germany. On November 11, during an American offensive, the armistice was signed, thus ending the First World War.

For the Versailles negotiations, President Wilson was accompanied in France by Jean Jules Jusserand, whom he trusted. As a matter of fact, Wilson was the first incumbent US President to come to Europe. The Paris Peace Conference, beginning on January 18, 1919, culminated in the signing of the Treaty of Versailles on the 28th June, establishing a seemingly definitive peace

After a brief period of harmony lasting only 22 years, another world conflict ensued in 1939. However, Jusserand had no influence on this Second world war, passing away in 1932.

After the war

Even after the First World War, Jean Jules Jusserand was still fighting to maintain the peace obtained after so many efforts and sacrifices. He accompanied the American President Woodrow Wilson to the Paris Peace Conference (1919), during which was signed the Treaty of Versailles on the 28th of June 1919. When the Polish army invaded Ukraine, a Russian counter-attack reached Warsaw, where there was a rise in revolutionary ideas. France sent Jusserand at the head of a diplomatic and military mission to save the Polish.

He remained the French ambassador to Washington for the next five years under presidents Warren G Harding and Calvin Coolidge. During this time, he published a dozen books in French and English, on various subjects. Later on he returned to France, where he spent some time with his wife in Saint-Haon-le-Châtel, their property in Forez.

In 1923, Jean Jules Jusserand presided and delivered a speech during the inauguration ceremony for the American war memorial.

At the age of seventy, he retired. Émile Daeschner succeded him in 1924, followed by Henry Bérenger on the 1st of January 1925.

On the 10th of January 1925, a farewell banquet was organised in his honour by the American government in order to express their esteem and gratitude. This ceremony brought together the most important political, scientific and cultural figures of the United States. He was also awarded a medal for his deeds.

In 1930, Jean Jules Jusserand published his last book, The evolution of the American sentiment during the war (L'évolution du sentiment américain pendant la guerre).

He died in 1932 in Paris at the age of seventy-seven. His national funeral took place in Notre-Dame, and his body rests in the family home in Saint-Haon-le-Châtel.

One of the Founders of the Alliance Française

In 1884, Jean Jules Jusserand took part in the foundation of the Alliance Française. The Alliance Française is a French organisation which aims to promote French culture and reaffirm it; especially after France’s defeat against the Germans in 1870.

This association is not subject to any political or religious influence.

The Fondation de l’Alliance Française is the “moral and juridic reference” for the other Alliances Françaises. It is she whom approves the formation of new Alliances françaises by approving their status. It helps the Alliances to form employees, and guide them in the extension of their activities or even when they go through tough times.

The Alliance Française has buildings all around the world and is today the biggest cultural Non-Governmental Organisation of the world with around 1000 establishments in more than 136 countries. The Alliance Française in Lyon was created in 1984 and has received many Labels since then. Nowadays, it is the first French language school in Lyon and the third Alliance Française in France. Within it, there is a multicultural team of 40 people, who welcome 2500 students per year and more than 130 nationalities. The 2,500 m² of modern locals dedicated to the study and learning of languages with 17 classrooms. It perpetuates the founders’ spirit, inluding Jusserand’s.

Legacy

Jean Jules Jusserand monument in Rock Creek Park, Washington D.C., just off Beach Drive and Western Ridge Trail, across the foot bridge from Peirce Mill.

Even today, different monuments exist in France and the United States in order to commemorate Jusserand’s diplomatic role.

A pink granite bench in Rock Creek Park honoring Jusserand was dedicated by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt on 7 November 1936. It is the first memorial erected on Federal property to a foreign diplomat. In 2014 Washington City Paper called it the "best obscure memorial" in D.C.

Litterary Works and Publications

Jusserand was a close student of English literature who produced some lucid and vivacious books on comparatively little-known subjects:

His publications in French:

• Le Théâtre en Angleterre depuis la conquête jusqu'aux prédécesseurs immédiats de Maarten Bax (1878)
• Le Théâtre en Angleterre, depuis la conquête jusqu'aux prédécesseurs immédiats de Shakespeare (1878)
• Les Anglais au Moyen Âge: la vie nomade et les routes d'Angleterre au XIV^e siècle (1884; Eng. trans., English Wayfaring Life in the Middle Ages, by LT Smith, 1889)
• Le Roman au temps de Shakespeare (1887) (The English Novel in the Time of Shakespeare, (1887), translated from French by Elizabeth Lee)
• Histoire littéraire du peuple anglais (vol. 1, 1893; vol. 2, 1904; vol. 3, 1909; Eng. trans., A Literary History of the English People, by G.P. Putnam, 1914).
• L'Épopée de Langland (1893; Eng. trans., Piers Plowman, 1894).
• Les Anglais au Moyen Âge. L'Épopée mystique de William Langland (1893) (Piers Plowman, a contribution to the history of English mysticism, (1894), translated from the French by Marion and Elise Richards, revised and enlarged by the author)
• Le Roman d'un roi d'Écosse, (1895), (The Romance of a King's life,(1896), translated from French by Marion Richards, revised and enlarged by the author)
• Histoire abrégée de la littérature anglaise (1896) Online text
• Shakespeare en France sous l'ancien régime (1898) Online text
• Les Sports et jeux d'exercice dans l'ancienne France (1901)
• Ronsard (1913) Online text
• Recueil des instructions données aux ambassadeurs et ministres de France depuis les traités de Westphalie jusqu'à la Révolution française. XXIV-XXV, Angleterre, publié sous les auspices de la commission des archives diplomatiques au ministère des affaires étrangères, avec une introduction et des notes par J. J. Jusserand (1929)

His publications in English:

• A French Ambassador at the Court of Charles II (1892), from the unpublished papers of the count de Cominges. Online text
• English essays from a French pen (1895) Online text
• A Literary history of the English people from the origins to the Civil war (1907)
• Piers Plowman, the work of one or of five (1909) Online text
• With Americans of Past and Present Days (1916), for which he earned the first Pulitzer Prize for History.

• The School for ambassadors and other essays (1925) Online text
• The evolution of the American sentiment during the war (1930)
• What Me Befell : The Reminiscences of J. J. Jusserand (1933).

His particiption to other works:

• Jean-Jules Jusserand, "La Tunisie", an extract from La France coloniale, histoire, géographie, commerce, ouvrage published under M. Alfred Rambaud". Paris : A. Colin (1888)
• Jean-Jules Jusserand, « Les Grands Écrivains Français. Études sur la vie, les œuvres et l’influence des principaux auteurs de notre littérature », text inserted in Jules Simon, Victor Cousin, Paris, Hachette, 1887

Letters:

• Jean-Jules Jusserand, [Letter to Anatole France], March 9th, 1888 or 1889, Correspondance d’Anatole France, Bibliothèque Nationale
• Jean-Jules Jusserand, [Letters to Ferdinand Brunetière], March 11th and 23rd, September 23rd , Correspondance de Ferdinand Brunetière, Bibliothèque Nationale (Nouvelles Acquisitions Françaises, 25 041/307, 309, 313).
• Jean-Jules Jusserand, [Letter to Gaston Paris], September 11th 1900, Correspondance de Gaston Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale
• Jean-Jules Jusserand, [Letter to Joseph Reinach], November 23rd 1898, Correspondance de Joseph Reinach, Bibliothèque Nationale
• Jean-Jules Jusserand, [Letter to Arvède Barine], February 12th 1889, Correspondance d’Arvède Barine, Bibliothèque Nationale

References

• (en) « Wikiconcours lycéen 2016-2017/Académie de Lyon/Lycée général CSI/BrouillonAnglais », dans Encyclopædia Britannica , vol. 15, 1911 (lire sur Wikisource), p. 593.

External links

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{{AHA Presidents}} {{PulitzerPrize HistoryAuthors 1917–1925}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Jusserand, Jean Jules}} [[Category:1855 births]] [[Category:1932 deaths]] [[Category:Historians of the United States]] [[Category:French historians]] [[Category:Historians of France]] [[Category:Pulitzer Prize for History winners]] [[Category:Presidents of the American Historical Association]] [[Category:Ambassadors of France to the United States]] [[Category:French male writers]] [[Category:People from Lyon]] [[Category:19th-century French writers]] [[Category:20th-century French writers]] [[Category:20th-century French diplomats]] [[Category:Writers from Paris]] [[Category:19th-century male writers]]