Akhand Bharat

Akhand Bharata (ou Akhand Hindustan) sont des termes irrédentistes qui signifient littéralement « Inde indivisée »^[1]^,^[2]. Les partisans de cette notion veulent réunifier le sous-continent indien, annulant la partition de l’Inde de 1947 entre l’Inde et le Pakistan. Dans une définition plus large, l'Akhand Bharat comprend également l’Afghanistan, le Bangladesh, le Népal, le Bhoutan, le Tibet, le Sri Lanka et le Myanmar (Birmanie), en raison de leurs liens historiques étroits avec le pays et les anciens royaumes indiens qui les entouraient.

Histoire modifier

Mazhar Ali Khan a écrit que "les frères Khan [étaient] déterminés à se battre pour Akhand Hindustan et ont invité la Ligue à se battre contre le problème devant l'électorat de la province"^[3] Les 7 et 8 octobre 1944, Radha Kumud Mukherjee présidait à Delhi la Conférence des dirigeants Akhand Hindustan^[4]..

Défenseurs contemporains modifier

L'appel à la constitution du Akhand Bharat est épisodiquement repris par des organisations culturelles et politiques prônant l'Hindutvawadi telles que le Hindu Mahasabha, Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), Vishwa Hindu Parishad, hindou Janajagruti Samiti et le parti Bharatiya Janata^[5]^,^[6]^,^[7]^,^[8]. ^{[citation nécessaire]} Alors que les dirigeants du BJP, grand parti de droite, ont une position fluctuante sur la question, le RSS a toujours été un fervent partisan de cette idée^[9]^,^[10] Le livre de HV Seshadri, leader de RSS, The Tragic Story of Partition, souligne l’importance du concept d’Akhand Bharat^[11]. Le magazine Organizer, affilié au RSS, publie souvent des éditoriaux de leaders tels que l'actuel Sarsanghachalak, Mohan Bhagwat, qui affirme que seuls Akhand Bharat et sampoorna samaj (société unie) peuvent apporter une "vraie" liberté au peuple indien^[12]..

Références modifier

↑ H. L. Erdman, The Swatantra Party and Indian Conservatisum, Cambridge University Press, 17 décembre 2007 (ISBN 9780521049801), p. 55 :
« The ultimate reunification of the subcontinent is a professed goal, as it is for the Mahasabha, but here, too, there is a difference in emphasis which deserves note: for the Sangh, the goal is 'Akhand Bharat', while for the Mahasabha it is 'Akhand Hindustan'. »
↑ M. G. Chitkara, Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, APH Publishing, 1^er janvier 2004 (ISBN 9788176484657), p. 262 :
« Those who dub Shri L.K. Advani, the Home Minister of India and others as foreigners, must realise that the freedom struggle was a mass movement of all the people of entire Akhanda Hindusthan (United Bharat). »
↑ Mazhar Ali Khan, Pakistan: The First Twelve Years, Oxford University Press, 1996 (ISBN 9780195776768, lire en ligne) :
« Many months ago, when the Pakistan issue was still in the melting pot, the Khan brothers determined to fight for Akhand Hindustan, and challenged the League to fight the issue out before the electorate of the Province. »
↑ Jai Narain Sharma, Encyclopaedia Eminent Thinkers, Concept Publishing Company, 1^er janvier 2008 (ISBN 9788180694929), p. 88 :
« On 5 August 1944, he issued a common letter to the leaders of various parties making a proposal to hold Akhand Hindustan Leaders' Conference. Such a conference was held on 7 and 8 October in Delhi. It was presided over by D^r Radha Kumud Mukherji. »
↑ Jyoti Prasad Suda, India, Her Civic Life and Administration, Jai Prakash Nath & Co., 1953 (lire en ligne) :
« Its members still swear by the ideal of Akhand Hindusthan. »
↑ Yale H. Ferguson and R. J. Barry Jones, Political space: frontiers of change and governance in a globalizing world, page 155, SUNY Press, 2002, (ISBN 978-0-7914-5460-2)
↑ Sucheta Majumder, "Right Wing Mobilization in India", Feminist Review, issue 49, page 17, Routledge, 1995, (ISBN 978-0-415-12375-4)
↑ Ulrika Mårtensson and Jennifer Bailey, Fundamentalism in the Modern World (Volume 1), page 97, I.B.Tauris, 2011, (ISBN 978-1-84885-330-0)
↑ Jyotirmaya Sharma, " Hérésie idéologique?, The Hindu, 2005-06-19
↑ Radhika Ramaseshan, " Advani utilise l' arme Atal ", The Telegraph, 2005-06-16
↑ Ashish Vashi, " Livre anti-Sardar Patel vendu par le QG RSS au Gujarat ", The Times of India, 2009-08-27
↑ Manini Chatterjee, " Only by Akhand Bharat ", The Indian Express, 2007-02-01

[Erdman2007-1] H. L. Erdman, The Swatantra Party and Indian Conservatisum, Cambridge University Press, 17 décembre 2007 (ISBN 9780521049801), p. 55 :
« The ultimate reunification of the subcontinent is a professed goal, as it is for the Mahasabha, but here, too, there is a difference in emphasis which deserves note: for the Sangh, the goal is 'Akhand Bharat', while for the Mahasabha it is 'Akhand Hindustan'. »

[Chitkara2004-2] M. G. Chitkara, Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, APH Publishing, 1^er janvier 2004 (ISBN 9788176484657), p. 262 :
« Those who dub Shri L.K. Advani, the Home Minister of India and others as foreigners, must realise that the freedom struggle was a mass movement of all the people of entire Akhanda Hindusthan (United Bharat). »

[KhanKhan1996-3] Mazhar Ali Khan, Pakistan: The First Twelve Years, Oxford University Press, 1996 (ISBN 9780195776768, lire en ligne) :
« Many months ago, when the Pakistan issue was still in the melting pot, the Khan brothers determined to fight for Akhand Hindustan, and challenged the League to fight the issue out before the electorate of the Province. »

[Sharma2008-4] Jai Narain Sharma, Encyclopaedia Eminent Thinkers, Concept Publishing Company, 1^er janvier 2008 (ISBN 9788180694929), p. 88 :
« On 5 August 1944, he issued a common letter to the leaders of various parties making a proposal to hold Akhand Hindustan Leaders' Conference. Such a conference was held on 7 and 8 October in Delhi. It was presided over by D^r Radha Kumud Mukherji. »

[Suda1953-5] Jyoti Prasad Suda, India, Her Civic Life and Administration, Jai Prakash Nath & Co., 1953 (lire en ligne) :
« Its members still swear by the ideal of Akhand Hindusthan. »

[Ferguson-6] Yale H. Ferguson and R. J. Barry Jones, Political space: frontiers of change and governance in a globalizing world, page 155, SUNY Press, 2002, (ISBN 978-0-7914-5460-2)

[Majumder-7] Sucheta Majumder, "Right Wing Mobilization in India", Feminist Review, issue 49, page 17, Routledge, 1995, (ISBN 978-0-415-12375-4)

[Martensson-8] Ulrika Mårtensson and Jennifer Bailey, Fundamentalism in the Modern World (Volume 1), page 97, I.B.Tauris, 2011, (ISBN 978-1-84885-330-0)

[9] Jyotirmaya Sharma, " Hérésie idéologique?, The Hindu, 2005-06-19

[10] Radhika Ramaseshan, " Advani utilise l' arme Atal ", The Telegraph, 2005-06-16

[11] Ashish Vashi, " Livre anti-Sardar Patel vendu par le QG RSS au Gujarat ", The Times of India, 2009-08-27

[12] Manini Chatterjee, " Only by Akhand Bharat ", The Indian Express, 2007-02-01

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