Title: Text-book of botany, morphological and physiological
Identifier: ajp2576.0001.001.umich.edu
Year: 1882 (1880s)
Authors: Sachs, Julius, 1832-1897; Vines, Sydney Howard, 1849-1934. ed. and tr
Subjects: Botany
Publisher: Oxford, Clarendon press
Contributing Library: University of Michigan
Digitizing Sponsor: University of Michigan

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ANGIOSPERMS. 537 peculiar structure, sharply differentiated as a whole from the rest of the organism. This peculiar appearance is due not only to the special properties of its axis, but especially to the presence of the floral envelopes, and most of all to the circumstance that the foliar structures of the flower are arranged, with rare exceptions, in the form of whorls, even when the leaves of the vegetative shoots are alternate or distichous, or disposed in other similar arrangements. Each of the distinct appendicular organs of the flower, viz. the perianth, andrcecium, and gynaeceum, is usually represented by several members arranged in concentric circles or in a spiral; so that one or more perianth-whorls are immediately succeeded within by one or more whorls of stamens, and these by the gynseceum in the centre of the flower. One or other of these whorls may however be absent, or each of the separate whorls may be represented by only a single member, as
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FIG. 360.—Hippuris vulgaris; A piece of an erect stem, the flowers standing in the axils of the whorl of leaves (which have been cut off); B horizontal section of a female flower above the ovary, p perianth, cp carpel; C horizontal section of the anther • I—IV longitudinal section of flowers in various stages of development, a anther, f filament, g style, « stigma, p perianth' fk the inferior ovary, sk the pendulous and anatropous ovule. * in Hippuris (Fig. 360), where only one stamen and one carpel are contained within a scantily developed perianth. It is only rarely that the whole flower is reduced to a single sexual organ, as the female flowers of Piperacese, or the male and female flowers of some Aroidese; it is much more commonly the case that the flower is composed of successive whorls of members disposed from without inwards (or from below upwards), consisting of the same or multiples of the same number1, radiating from the centre on all sides like a rosette, an arrangement which is 1 (To this peculiarity of structure the term ' symmetrical' is generally applied in English text- books ; in the present work however this word is used in a very different sense, namely in reference to any structure (foliar or floral) which can be divided into two similar halves, or the parts of which are radially disposed around a central point; see p. 204.)

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