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Depuis la Révolution iranienne en 1979, le gouvernment de l'Iran a été accusé par plusieurs pays de former, de financer et de fournir des armes et des refuges à des milices non étatiques, tels que le Hezbollah au Liban et le Hamas à Gaza, qui sont des organisations désignées comme terroristes par plusieurs pays et organisations internationales, comme les États-Unis ou l'Union européenne. L'Iran cependant considère ces groupes comme étant des « mouvements de libération nationale » luttant contre « l'occupation israélienne »[1].

Ces actions de l'Iran islamiste sont principalement conduites par la Force Al-Qods, considérée comme active dans une douzaine de pays[2], et également responsable de cyberterrorisme.

Les Gardiens de la révolution islamique modifier

Après la chute du Shah en 1979, la République islamique d'Iran a créé le Corps des Gardiens de la révolution islamique (CGRI), organisation paramilitaire dépendant directement du Guide de la révolution, dont la Force Al-Qods est l'unité d'élite. Ce corps paramilitaire est accusé de promouvoir son idéologie dans les régions voisines en finançant des organisations terroristes, dont la Force Al-Qods assure la formation et la coordination[3].

En 1995, les Gardiens de la révolution iraniens ont tenu à Beirut une conférence avec des organisations du monde entier accusées de terrorisme, notamment l'Armée rouge japonaise, l'Armée secrète arménienne, le Parti des travailleurs du Kurdistan, le Parti islamique Dawa irakien, le Front islamique pour la libération de Bahreïn et le Hezbollah, dans le but de fournir une formation à ces groupes afin de déstabiliser les États arabes du Golfe et remplacer leurs gouvernements par des régimes islamiques de type iranien[4].

Le 15 avril 2019, les États-Unis ont officiellement désigné le corps d'élite des Gardiens de la révolution islamique d'Iran comme organisation terroriste étrangère[5].

Activities dans les pays autres que l'Iran modifier

Albanie modifier

Le 19 décembre 2018, l'Albanie a expulsé l'ambassadeur d'Iran et un autre diplomate iranien pour « participation à des activités qui nuisent à la sécurité du pays » et « violation de leur statut diplomatique et soutien au terrorisme »[6]. Les Iraniens expulsés auraient comploté des attaques terroristes dans le pays, notamment en ciblant un événement pour faire taire des dissidents[7].

Bahreïn modifier

Le 30 septembre 2015, les forces de sécurité du Bahreïn ont découvert une usine de fabrication de bombes à Nuwaidrat (en) et arrêté des suspects liés aux Gardiens de la révolution iranienne. Le lendemain, Bahreïn a rappelé son ambassadeur en Iran et a demandé au chargé d'affaires iranien de quitter le royaume dans les 72 heures, du fait « de l'ingérence iranienne continue dans les affaires du royaume de Bahreïn afin de créer des conflits sectaires et imposer son hégémonie[8],[9] ».

Le 6 janvier 2016, Bahreïn a déclaré avoir démantelé une cellule terroriste liée aux Gardiens de la révolution et au Hezbollah. Le ministère bahreïni de l'Intérieur a précisé que cette cellule prévoyait de mener une « série de bombardements dangereux » sur le royaume, et que de nombreux membres avaient été arrêtés, dont ses dirigeants, des jumeaux de 33 ans, Ali et Mohammed Fakhrawi[10].

Inde modifier

En juillet 2012, The Times of India a rapporté que la police de New Delhi avait conclu que des terroristes appartenant aux Gardiens de la révolution iraniennne étaient responsables d'une attaque à la bombe le 13 février 2012 (en) visant un diplomate israélien, laquelle a blessé un membre du personnel de l'ambassade, un employé local et deux passants. Selon le rapport, d'autres attaques contre des cibles israéliennes étaient préparées dans le monde[11],[12],[13].

Israël modifier

L'Iran ne reconnaît pas Israël[14] et agit contre cet État par l'intermédiaire du Hamas, du Hezbollah[15] et du Jihad islamique palestinien[16],[17]. Des forces iraniennes ont aussi tenté plusieurs attaques directes en 2019, à partir de la Syrie où elles sont implantées.

Hamas modifier

L'Iran fournit un soutien politique et des armes au Hamas[18], qui est classé comme organisation terroriste par les États-Unis, le Canada, l'Union européenne, Israël, l'Égypte, l'Australie et le Japon. Le président de l'Autorité palestinienne, Mahmoud Abbas, a déclaré que « le Hamas est financé par l'Iran. Il prétend qu'il est financé par des dons, mais les dons ne ressemblent en rien à ce qu'il reçoit de l'Iran[19] ».

Entre 2000 et 2004 seulement, le Hamas a tué près de 400 Israéliens et en a blessé plus de 2 000 lors de 425 attaques, selon le ministère israélien des Affaires étrangères. De 2001 à mai 2008, le Hamas a lancé plus de 3 000 roquettes Qassam et 2 500 attaques au mortier contre Israël[20].

Islamic Jihad modifier

Islamic Jihad is widely believed to be a nom de guerre of the Lebanese Islamist political movement and social service agency Hezbollah, which was founded in 1982 with many millions of dollars of aid and considerable training and logistical support from the Islamic Republic. Many believe the group promotes the Iranian agenda and that its goal is to overthrow the moderate governments in the area and create Islamic Republics based on that of Iran as well as the destruction of Israel.[21] Iran has supplied the militant organization Hezbollah with substantial amounts of financial, training, weapons (including long range rockets), explosives, political, diplomatic, and organizational aid while persuading Hezbolla to take an action against Israel.[22][23],[24] Hezbollah's 1985 manifesto listed its four main goals as "Israel's final departure from Lebanon as a prelude to its final obliteration"[25] According to reports released in February 2010, Hezbollah received $400 million from Iran.[23]

Its methods include assassinations, kidnappings, suicide bombings, and guerrilla warfare. It is believed to be one of the Islamic resistance groups that made suicide bombings common use. Other attacks credited to Hezbollah include:

  • Firing of hundreds of rockets into northern Israel on a daily basis and capture of Israeli soldiers in 2006.[26]

Hezbollah modifier

 
President Ronald Reagan and his wife Nancy show respect to the victims of 1983 barracks bombing.
Article détaillé : Hezbollah.

Le Hezbollah est responsable d'attaques dans plusieurs pays. Au cours des années 1980 et 1990, une vague d'enlèvements, de bombardements et d'assassinats de cibles occidentales, libannaise et ?arabes ?et dans d'autres pays. Ces attaques attribuées au Hezbollah incluent :

Contre les États-Unis :

  • Attaque contre l'ambassade américaine à Beyrouth par un van rempli d'explosif le 18 avril 1983, lors d'une trêve durant la guerre du Liban, tuant 63 personnes furent tuées, dont 17 Américains et 32 Libanais, et blessant environ 120 autres personnes.
  • Attentats à Beyrouth contre le contingent américain (en) le 23 octobre 1983, causant la mort de 234 Américains et blessant une centaine d'autres personnes[27].
  • Attentat suicide au camion explosif contre l'ambassade américaine à Beyrouth (en) le 20 septembre 1984, tuant 24 personnes.
  • Détournement du vol 847 TWA entre Athènes et Londres le 14 juin 1985. Pendant trois jours, les passagers et l'équipage sont retenus dans l'avion, puis un Américain est tué et 39 Américains sont retenus en otage pendant trois semaines.
  • Attentat le 12 décembre 1983 à Koweit contre les ambassades américaine (en) et française, contre l'aéroport et le terminal pétrolier, par camions remplis de grandes bombonnes de gaz, tuant six personnes (dont deux Palestiniens, deux Koweitis et un Syrien[28]), qui aurait été l'un des attentats les plus désastreux du Proche-Orient si toutes les bombonnes avaient explosées[29].

Contre des Libannais  :

  • According to a senior U.S. intelligence officer, the 2005 assassination of Lebanese Prime Minister Rafic Hariri was carried out by Hezbollah at the direction of Iranian agents[30].


Contre la France :

Contre Israël :


  • According to Middle East analyst James Philips, an August 1989 bombing in London was a failed Hezbollah assassination attempt on Indian-born British author Salman Rushdie, after the Iranian government put a $2.5 million bounty on his head over the novel The Satanic Verses.[32],[33] Iranian officials have repeatedly called for Rushdie's death as recently as 2005.[34]
  • The bombing of the Israeli Embassy in Argentina killing twenty-nine people in 1992. Hezbollah operatives boasted of involvement.[35]
  • The bombing of a Jewish community center in Argentina killing 85 people in 1994. Ansar Allah, a Palestinian affiliate of Hezbollah, claimed responsibility.[36] Argentine justice accused Iran of being behind the attacks because of Buenos Aires' decision to suspend a nuclear material delivery and technology transfer.[37]
  • The 1994 AC Flight 901 attack, killing 21 people, in Panama. Ansar Allah, a Palestinian affiliate of Hezbollah, expressed support for the attack in a possible claim to responsibility.[38]
  • The 1996 Khobar Towers bombing, killing 19 US servicemen. On December 22, 2006, federal judge Royce C. Lamberth ruled that Iran was responsible for the attack, stating "The totality of the evidence at trial...firmly establishes that the Khobar Towers bombing was planned, funded, and sponsored by senior leadership in the government of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The defendants' conduct in facilitating, financing, and providing material support to bring about this attack was intentional, extreme, and outrageous."[39]
  • The 2012 Burgas bus bombing, killing 6, in Bulgaria.[40] Hezbollah is believed to have carried out that attack on its own accord, without any Iranian involvement or foreknowledge.[30]

Shi'ite Militias in Iraq modifier

Iranian proxies killed an estimated 1,100 US troops in Iraq.[41] In addition, insurgents supported by Iran reportedly committed acts of terrorism.[30][42][43] The United States State Department states that weapons are smuggled into Iraq and used to arm Iran's allies among the Shiite militias, including those of the anti-American cleric Muqtada al-Sadr and his Mahdi army.[44]

During his address to the United States Congress on September 11, 2007, Commanding Officer for the United States forces in Iraq, General David Petraeus noted that the multinational forces in Iraq found that Iran's Quds force had provided training, equipment, funding, and direction to Shi'ite militia groups. “When we captured the leaders of these so-called special groups … and the deputy commander of a Lebanese Hezbollah department that was created to support their efforts in Iraq, we’ve learned a great deal about how Iran has, in fact, supported these elements and how those elements have carried out violent acts against our forces, Iraqi forces and innocent civilians.”[42]

In 2015, Michael Weiss and Michael Pregent accused the Popular Mobilization Units, an organization of 40 mainly-Shi'ite militias backed by Iran, of committing extensive atrocities against Sunni civilians in the course of their war against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, including "burning people alive in their houses, playing soccer with severed human heads, and ethnically cleansing and razing whole villages to the ground." Weiss and Pregent even suggested that "Iran's Shi'ite militias aren't a whole lot better than the Islamic State."[45]

Kenya modifier

Aggrey Adoli, police chief in Kenya's coastal region, said on 22 June 2012 that two Iranians, Ahmad Abolfathi Mohammad and Sayed Mansour Mousavi, believed to be members of Iran's Revolutionary Guards' Quds Force,[46] were arrested and suspected of being involved in terrorism. One of the Iranians led counter-terrorism officers to recover 15 kilograms of a powdery substance believed to be explosive.[47] The two Iranians allegedly admitted to plotting to attack United States, Israeli, Saudi, or British targets in Kenya.[46] In court, Police Sgt. Erick Opagal, an investigator with Kenya's Anti-Terrorism Police Unit, said that the two Iranians had shipped over 100 kilograms of powerful explosives into Kenya.[48]

It was later revealed that the targets included Gil Haskel, Israel's ambassador to Kenya. During a visit to Kenya in August, Israeli Deputy Foreign Minister Danny Ayalon praised Kenya for its efforts in stopping Iranian terror threats against Israeli and Jewish targets. Uganda, Ethiopia, and Kenya all expressed concern with Ayalon regarding Iran's attempts to increase terror activity in Africa.[49]

Argentina modifier

Erreur : La version française équivalente de {{Main}} est {{Article détaillé}}. On 18 July 1994, there was an attack on the Argentine Israelite Mutual Association (AMIA) building in Buenos Aires, Argentina, which killed 85 people and injured hundreds. It was Argentina's deadliest bombing ever. Argentina accused Tehran in 2006 of being behind the attacks, and indicted several senior Iranian officials, including Hashemi Rafsanjani and Ahmad Vahidi, as well as Hezbollah's Imad Mughniyah.

Thailand modifier

Erreur : La version française équivalente de {{Main}} est {{Article détaillé}}. On 14 February 2012, a series of explosions occurred in Bangkok, Thailand. Thai authorities said that the bombings were a botched attempt by Iranian nationals to assassinate Israeli diplomats. Several Iranians were arrested and charged for the attacks, one of whom was badly injured.

France modifier

In October 2018, France froze Iranian financial assets in response to an alleged bomb plot to be carried out against an opposition group at a rally in Paris. The plot was said to be against the National Council of Resistance of Iran, which styles itself as Iran's government-in-exile.[50] Assadollah Assadi, an Iranian diplomat in the Vienna embassy, was arrested in Germany in connection with the alleged plot to blow up a meeting of Iranian dissidents in Paris in June.[51]

Denmark modifier

In October 2018, Denmark said the Iranian government intelligence service had tried to carry out a plot to assassinate an Iranian Arab opposition figure on its soil.[52] The planned assassination was of an exiled leader of the Arab Struggle Movement for the Liberation of Ahvaz (ASMLA). Sweden extradited a Norwegian national of Iranian background to Denmark in connection with the foiled plot against the ASMLA leader.[51]

Alleged Al-Qaeda ties modifier

Al-Qaeda leaders regard Shia Muslims as heretics and have attacked their mosques and gatherings.[53] In Iraq it considers Shi'i civilians to be legitimate targets for acts of violence.[54] The group has been designated as a terrorist organization by Iran and many other countries, and Iran has a hostile relationship with the group.[55] However, allegedly Al-Qaeda and Iran formed an alliance during the 1990s in which Hezbollah trained al Qaeda operatives.[56] Iran detained hundreds of al Qaeda operatives that entered the country following the 2001 invasion of Afghanistan; even though "the Iranian government has held most of them under house arrest, limited their freedom of movement, and closely monitored their activities," U.S. officials have expressed concerns that Iran has not fully accounted for their whereabouts, culminating in accusations of Iranian complicity in the 2003 Riyadh compound bombings.[55][57]

1998 United States embassy bombings modifier

On November 8, 2011, Judge John D. Bates ruled in federal court that Iran was liable for the 1998 United States embassy bombings in Kenya and Tanzania. In his 45-page decision, Judge Bates wrote that "Prior to their meetings with Iranian officials and agents Bin Laden and al Qaeda did not possess the technical expertise required to carry out the embassy bombings in Nairobi and Dar es Salaam."[58]

USS Cole bombing modifier

In March 2015, U.S. federal judge Rudolph Contreras found both Iran and Sudan complicit in the 2000 bombing of the USS Cole by al Qaeda, stating that "Iran was directly involved in establishing Al-Qaeda's Yemen network and supported training and logistics for Al-Qaeda in the Gulf region" through Hezbollah. Two previous federal judges had ruled that Sudan was liable for its role in the attack, but Contreras's "ruling is the first to find Iran partly responsible for the incident."[59]

September 11 modifier

Article détaillé : Responsibility for the September 11 attacks.

The U.S. indictment of bin Laden filed in 1998 stated that al-Qaeda "forged alliances ... with the government of Iran and its associated terrorist group Hezbollah for the purpose of working together against their perceived common enemies."[56] On May 31, 2001, Steven Emerson and Daniel Pipes wrote in The Wall Street Journal that "Officials of the Iranian government helped arrange advanced weapons and explosives training for Al-Qaeda personnel in Lebanon where they learned, for example, how to destroy large buildings."[60]

The 9/11 Commission Report stated that 8 to 10 of the hijackers on 9/11 previously passed through Iran and their travel was facilitated by Iranian border guards.[56][61] The report also found "circumstantial evidence that senior Hezbollah operatives were closely tracking the travel of some of these future muscle hijackers into Iran in November 2000."[61] After the commission called for "further investigation" into a possible Iranian role in the attacks, President George W. Bush demanded that Iran sever its ties with al-Qaeda, while saying that in his view, "There was no direct connection between Iran and the attacks of September 11."[62]

Two defectors from Iran's intelligence service testified that Iranian officials had "foreknowledge of the 9/11 attacks."[63] By contrast, the 9/11 Commission "found no evidence that Iran or Hezbollah was aware of the planning for what later became the 9/11 attack. At the time of their travel through Iran, the al Qaeda operatives themselves were probably not aware of the specific details of their future operation." In addition, both bin al-Shibh and Khalid Sheikh Mohammed denied "any relationship between the hijackers and Hezbollah" and "any other reason for the hijackers' travel to Iran" besides "taking advantage of the Iranian practice of not stamping Saudi passports."[61]

Riyadh compound bombings modifier

According to Seth G. Jones and Peter Bergen, the 2003 Riyadh compound bombings were planned by al Qaeda operatives in Iran, with apparent Iranian complicity.[57][64] In May 2003, then-State Department official Ryan Crocker provided information on the upcoming attack to Iranian officials, who apparently took no action.[30]

Opposing view modifier

A West Point study based on documents uncovered in Osama bin Laden's compound in Abbottabad found that the Iran-al Qaeda "relationship is not one of alliance, but of indirect and unpleasant negotiations over the release of detained jihadis and their families, including members of bin Laden's family." According to longtime Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) analyst Bruce Riedel: "Rather than being secretly in bed with each other as some have argued, al Qaeda had a fairly hostile relationship with the Iranian regime. To get members of his family out of Iran, for example, bin Laden had an Iranian diplomat kidnapped and then traded. The Iranians released some of his family members in the deal but then double-crossed al Qaeda by not letting one of his daughters, Fatima, free."[55]

Taliban insurgency modifier

U.S. and British officials have accused Iran of giving weapons and support to the Taliban insurgency in Afghanistan.[65][66][67][68]

Cyberattacks modifier

In October 2012, a former United States government official said that American authorities believe that Iranian hackers, who were likely supported by the Iranian government, were responsible for cyberattacks against oil and gas companies in the Persian Gulf. Defense Secretary Leon Panetta has called the cyberattacks the most destructive cyberattacks in the private sector. Another American official said that the Obama administration knows that a government was responsible for the cyberattacks, which was confirmed by American agencies investigating the cyberattacks.[69]

Just a few days after United States put Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps, IRGC in Foreign Terrorist Organizations List, Instagram social media blocked accounts belonging to IRGC, and Qassem Soleimani, the then commander of the Quds force.[70]

US court judgments modifier

On multiple occasions, US courts have awarded damages to the victims of terrorism; deemed payable by Iran on the basis that although the attacks were not directly controlled by Iran, evidence shows Iranian payments supporting these terrorist groups. There has been controversy over how to enforce these decisions in order to make Iran pay reparations.[71]Iran was not allowed to provide a defense against these charges. In addition the standard applied for damages in these attacks appears to apply only to Iran and not to victims of US attacks such as Flight 655 shot down by a US military vessel, apparently intentionally, which resulted in a US apology.

Other allegations modifier

Along with the above allegations, Iran is also accused of other acts of terrorism. Including:

See also modifier

Modèle:Portal

References modifier

  1. ↑ Zeynab Malakoutikhah, « Iran: Sponsoring or Combating Terrorism? », Studies in Conflict & Terrorism,‎ , p. 1–27 (DOI 10.1080/1057610X.2018.1506560).
  2. ↑ (en) Robin Wright, Dreams and Shadows: the Future of the Middle East, Penguin Press, (ISBN 9781101202760, lire en ligne), p. 332-333
  3. ↑ (en) State Sponsors of Terrorism - Overview, US Official Website.
  4. ↑ (en) (en) « Qods (Jerusalem) Force Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC -Pasdaran-e Inqilab) », GlobalSecurity.org,‎ (lire en ligne).
  5. ↑ (en) « U.S. officially designates Iran's Revolutionary Guards a terrorist... », Reuters,‎ (lire en ligne)
  6. ↑ Albania Expels Two Iranian Diplomats For Allegedly Harming National Security.
  7. ↑ Trump Thanks Albania for Expelling Iranian Diplomats.
  8. ↑ Bahrain withdraws ambassador from Iran. The Daily Star. Retrieved 2015-10-03.
  9. ↑ Bahrain withdraws ambassador from Tehran.
  10. ↑ Bahrain smashes ‘Iran-linked’ terror cell. The National. Retrieved 2016-01-07.
  11. ↑ (en) Chauhan, Neeraj, « Cops name Iran military arm for attack on Israeli diplomat », The Times of India,‎ (lire en ligne)
  12. ↑ (en) Davidovich, Joshua, « Indian police say Revolutionary Guards behind Delhi attack », The Times of Israel,‎ (lire en ligne)
  13. ↑ Times of India: Israeli diplomat attackers be brought to book.
  14. ↑ (en) Ramin Mostaghim, « Ayatollah Ali Khamenei says Iran, Israel on 'collision course' », The Los Angeles Times,‎ (lire en ligne)
  15. ↑ Dexter Filkins, « The Shadow Commander », The New Yorker,‎ (lire en ligne, consulté le ) : « De 2000 à 2006, l'Iran a donné cent millions de dollars par an au Hezbollah, dont les miliciens sont attractifs, car contrairement aux Iraniens ils parlent arabe, ce qui les dispose à mieux opérer en Syrie et ailleurs dans le monde arabe. »
  16. ↑ Mathieu Guidère, Historical Dictionary of Islamic Fundamentalism, Scarecrow Press, 2012 p.173.
  17. ↑ (en) « Who’s in charge? », The Economist,‎ (lire en ligne)
  18. ↑ (en) « Cyprus: Ship violated UN resolutions », The Jerusalem Post,‎ (lire en ligne)
  19. ↑ « Hamas 2010 budget mainly 'foreign aid' from Iran » (consulté le )
  20. ↑ « Israel At 'War to the Bitter End,' Strikes Key Hamas Sites », Fox News, (consulté le )
  21. ↑ (en) « State Sponsors: Iran », Council of Foreign Relations, {{Article}} : paramètre « date » manquant (lire en ligne)
  22. ↑ « IN THE PARTY OF GOD Are terrorists in Lebanon preparing for a larger war? by Jeffrey Goldberg », {{Article}} : paramètre « périodique » manquant,‎ (lire en ligne, consulté le )
  23. ↑ a et b « Iran Massively Rearming Hezbollah in Violation of UN Security Council Resolution, American Chronicle, March 28, 2010 » [archive du ] (consulté le )
  24. ↑ Background Information on Designated Foreign Terrorist Organizations
  25. ↑ (en) Augustus Norton, Amal and the Shi'a: the struggle for the Soul of Lebanon, Austin, University of Texas Press, , 167–87 p. (ISBN 0-292-73040-3)
  26. ↑ (en) « Hezbollah », MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base, {{Article}} : paramètre « date » manquant (lire en ligne)
  27. ↑ CNN Library, Beirut Marine Barracks Bombing Fast Facts, CNN, June 13, 2013.
  28. ↑ Associated Press article, 30 January 1984.
  29. ↑ (en) Robin Wright, Sacred Rage: The Wrath of Militant Islam, (lire en ligne), p. 112.
  30. ↑ a b c d et e Dexter Filkins, « The Shadow Commander », {{Article}} : paramètre « périodique » manquant,‎ (lire en ligne, consulté le )
  31. ↑ Terrorism – In the Spotlight: Hezbollah (Party of God) « https://web.archive.org/web/20060222184437/http://www.cdi.org/terrorism/hezbollah.cfm »(Archive.org • Wikiwix • Archive.is • Google • Que faire ?), Michael Donovan, Center for Defense Information cdi.org, February 25, 2002
  32. ↑ (en) Anthony Loyd=, « Tomb of the unknown assassin reveals mission to kill Rushdie », The Times,‎ (lire en ligne)
  33. ↑ « Hezbollah's Terrorist Threat to the European Union » [archive du ], House Committee on Foreign Affairs, (consulté le )
  34. ↑ Michael Rubin, « Can Iran Be Trusted? », Middle East Forum, (consulté le )
  35. ↑ (en) Matthew Levitt, Hezbollah: The Global Footprint of Lebanon's Party of God, Georgetown University Press, , 99–102 p.
  36. ↑ (en) Matthew Levitt, Hezbollah: The Global Footprint of Lebanon's Party of God, Georgetown University Press, , 75–77, 102
  37. ↑ Article AMIA: el nuevo fiscal acusó a Irán como responsable del atentado in Argentine newspaper Clarin on 26 October 2006
  38. ↑ (en) Matthew Levitt, Hezbollah: The Global Footprint of Lebanon's Party of God, Georgetown University Press, , 102 p.
  39. ↑ (en) Carol D. Leonnig, « Iran Held Liable In Khobar Attack », The Washington Post,‎ (lire en ligne)
  40. ↑ (en) « Hezbollah suspected in Bulgaria bus bombing », Al Jazeera,‎ (lire en ligne)
  41. ↑ (en) Martin Chulov, « Qassem Suleimani: the Iranian general 'secretly running' Iraq », The Guardian,‎ (lire en ligne)
  42. ↑ a et b (en) Bowers, Carol, « Iran Playing ‘Destabilizing Role’ in Iraq », U.S. Department of Defense,‎ (lire en ligne)
  43. ↑ McCarthy, Andrew C., Obama Frees Iranian Terror Masters, National Review Online, July 11, 2009.
  44. ↑ (en) « Chapter 6 -- State Sponsors of Terror Overview », U.S. Department of State,‎ (lire en ligne)
  45. ↑ Michael Weiss et Michael Pregent, « The U.S. Is Providing Air Cover for Ethnic Cleansing in Iraq », Foreign Policy, (consulté le )
  46. ↑ a et b Kreider, Randy, « Iranians Planned to Attack US, Israeli Targets in Kenya: Officials », ABC News, (consulté le )
  47. ↑ « 2 Iranian terror suspects arrested in Kenya », Associated Press, Yahoo News, (consulté le )
  48. ↑ « Kenya police: Iranians shipped 100kg of explosives », Associated Press, Fox News, (consulté le )
  49. ↑ Eichner, Itamar, « Iranians planned to assassinate Israeli ambassador' », Eichner, Itamar, (consulté le )
  50. ↑ (en) Charles Bremner Paris, « France freezes Iranian assets after rally bomb plot », The Times,‎ (lire en ligne)
  51. ↑ a et b ALBANIA EXPELS IRANIAN AGENTS FOR PLOTTING ATTACKS AGAINST ISRAEL
  52. ↑ Denmark calls for fresh EU sanctions on Iran after alleged assassination plot foiled
  53. ↑ Security strategy and transatlantic relations (2006) Roland Dannreuther
  54. ↑ Abdel Bari Atwan. The Secret History of Al Qaeda, p. 233. University of California Press, 2006. (ISBN 0-520-24974-7)
  55. ↑ a b et c Barbara Slavin, « Iran and al Qaeda: More Enemies Than Allies », Al-Monitor, (consulté le )
  56. ↑ a b et c Zagorin, Adam, and Joe Klein, 9/11 Commission Finds Ties Between al-Qaeda and Iran, Time, July 16, 2004.
  57. ↑ a et b Jones, Seth G., Al Qaeda in Iran, Foreign Affairs, January 29, 2012.
  58. ↑ Thiessen, Marc A., Iran responsible for 1998 U.S. embassy bombings, The Washington Post, December 8, 2011.
  59. ↑ Spencer S. Hsu, « Judge orders Sudan, Iran to pay $75 million to family of USS Cole victim », The Washington Post, (consulté le )
  60. ↑ Emerson, Steven, and Daniel Pipes, Terrorism on Trial, The Wall Street Journal, May 31, 2001.
  61. ↑ a b et c The 9/11 Commission Report. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. pp. 240-41. (ISBN 0-393-32671-3)
  62. ↑ Timmerman, Ken, Lawsuit: Iran Knew About 9/11 Attack, Newsmax, May 19, 2011.
  63. ↑ Weisner, Benjamin, and Scott Shane, Court Filings Assert Iran Had Link to 9/11 Attacks, The New York Times, May 19, 2011.
  64. ↑ Bergen, Peter, "Strange bedfellows -- Iran and al Qaeda", CNN, March 10, 2013.
  65. ↑ (en) « Iran arming Taliban, U.S. claims », CNN,‎ (lire en ligne)
  66. ↑ (en) Townsend, Mark, « Special forces find proof of Iran supplying Taliban with equipment to fight British », The Observer,‎ (lire en ligne)
  67. ↑ « Iran still supporting Afghan insurgency-U.S. », Reuters (consulté le )
  68. ↑ (en) Siobhan Gorman, « Reports Bolster Suspicion of Iranian Ties to Extremists », Wall Street Journal,‎ (lire en ligne)
  69. ↑ Baldor, Loilita, « Official: US blames Iran hackers for cyberattacks », The Associated Press, (consulté le )
  70. ↑ Instagram Blocks Guards', Soleimani's Pages
  71. ↑ Adam Kredo, « Iran Withholding $43 Billion In Restitution to U.S Terror Victims », The Washington Free Beacon, (consulté le )
  72. ↑ « Israel fails to prevent Germany freeing Iranian », Haaretz.com, (consulté le )
  73. ↑ Hakakian, Roya, « The End of the Dispensable Iranian », Der Spiegel, (consulté le )


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