Utilisateur:Babskwal/Signalisation ferroviaire allemande
Les signaux ferroviaires d'Allemagne sont soumis à la réglementation Eisenbahn-Signalordnung (ESO, règles de signalisation ferroviaire). Plusieurs systèmes sont en service.
Histoire modifier
Reichsbahn
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À l'origine, chaque compagnie ferroviaire avait son propre système de signalisation. Après these companies were transferred to the ownership of the national rail company Deutsche Reichsbahn a common signalling system was created.
Main signals allowed the train to proceed or not. These signals were semaphores. They had at least one arm which meant "Stop" when aligned horizontally, "Proceed" when aligned diagonally. Up to two additional arms could be mounted for different routes. They were mounted below the "stop"-arm. They are aligned diagonally when the route diverges from the main route and aligned vertically to show, that the main route is used.
La nuit, un bras horizontal présentait un signal rouge, un bras en diagonale présentait un vert et un bras vertical n'en montrait aucun.
La signalisation des itinéraires a été modifiée autour de 1930 pour indiquer la vitesse. Le troisième bras a été enlevé et le feu vert du bras inférieur a ét é remplacé par du jaune en 1948. Ce système est toujours en service.
First light signals came in use, but were not widely spread when the country was divided in 1948. These signals showed the night aspects of the semaphore signals and could not be considered as an own signalling system.
Seul les S-Bahns (Berlin, Hamburg) ont été équipés avec une signalisation lumineuse de conception nouvelle, le Sv-System (système Sv).
Après la Seconde Guerre mondiale modifier
Deux nouvelles cmpagnies ont été fondées : la Deutsche Bundesbahn en Allemagne de l'Ouest et la nouvelle Deutsche Reichsbahn en Allemagne de l'Est.
La Reichsbahn a gardé le nom de l'ancienne Deutsche Reichsbahn, pour garder l'infrastructure et le droit d'exploiter des trains à Berlin-Ouest. Les deux companies avaient chacune leur propre réglement à partir de cette époque, et ces réglements ont divergé jusqu'en 1990 quand le pays et les compagnies ont été réunifiés. One get get an idea which signals existed before the separation if one compares both regulations.
Ouest modifier
La Deutsche Bundesbahn mainly kept the H/V signalling. Nevertheless the signals changed their design over the years. One very early change was the inclusion of shunting signals (Sh, Schutzignale) into the main signal's head. This affected mainly exit signals. Ces signaux présentent deux feux rouges to disallow any train or shunting movements and a red-white-white combination to allow shunting movements only. Later the backup signal aspects (Zs1, Zs7, Zs8), which had their own head, were also merged into the main head. Les nouveaux signaux had a cosmetical enhancement too, ils sont aujourd'hui tous rectangulaires.
Le système de signalisation didn't change much to allow Gleiswechselbetrieb, which means, the wrong track (of two) can be regularly used. Only a new aspect (Zs6) was needed to inform the driver about using the wrong track.
Plusieurs minor expérimentations de nouveaux systèmes de signalisation ont été menées, mais une seule a survécu. Une seule ligne (Augsburg - Donauwörth) a été équipée de signaux Sk-signals. Ces signaux existent toujours, et le nouveau système commun (Ouest and Est) de signalisation a été développé à partir celui-ci.
Est modifier
La Deutsche Reichsbahn a adopté un nouveau système de signalisation issu du OSShd, a supranational organization of railways, mainly "Eastern" railways. Des feux de type H/V similaires à ceux de l'Ouest existaient à certains endroits, où ils avaient été installés avant la guerre.
Réunification modifier
Plusieurs systèmes de signalisation et deux réglementations existaient alors dans l'Allemagne réunifiée. Les deux réglementations ont été progressivement fusionnées pour en former une seule. Ce processus est encore en cours et va se poursuivre pendant les prochaines années. La majorité du réseau will change to centralized signal-boxes, during this process a complete line generally changes to the new common Ks-System. Cependant, old-style signalling systems are still installed on a few new lines for several reasons. Even new semaphores are still produced, mainly as spare parts. Currently no newly developed signalling system is in sight, the current system seems adeqate for today's operation. La prochaine étape concernera un système sans signaux, comme les développements actuels le montrent : LZB, ETCS.
Comparaison avec d'autres pays modifier
Systems similar to the H/V system can be found in Austria and Switzerland. Most of the aspects look identical, the lamps are also sometimes aligned differently. Austrian signals have one, Swiss signals two more possible aspects. They can show a speed limit/announcement of 60 km/h et 90 km/h (Suisse seulement).
Des systèmes similaires au système Hl peuvent être trouvés dans beaucoup de pays de l'OSShd.
Le système Ks can be considered similar to signals in many countries, at least in appearance, as le code de couleurs : rouge pour l'arrêt, jaune pour l'avertissement et vert pour la voie libre are commonly used in other countries.
Comparaison avec la signalisation britannique modifier
UK Signalling seems to be similar to the Ks system at first view. The difference is British signals do not know speed signalling at all. To prevent trains running over a switch too fast several workarounds are in use. One of them is the "approach release". With this system the train approaches a junction seeing a "warning" aspect, the signal before the junction stays at "stop". It is "released" to a higher aspect, when the train has reduced its speed. In Germany route indicators are used in several cases but do not have an influence on the speed. These route indicators are used as information for the train driver, that he can inform the signal box for a wrong route and demand a correction. Voir Zs2 ci-dessous.
Hauptsignal (signal principal) / Vorsignal (annonce) (H/V) modifier
Le système le plus courant est le système H/V (Hauptsignal/Vorsignal) qui consiste en signaux principaux, de position, et signaux d'annonce, à distance. Selon la technologie utilisée in the signal box, ces signaux peuvent être présentés par des sémaphores ou des feux. Ceux-ci show the same light patterns the semaphores show de nuit.
Hp 0 : Arrêt modifier
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A home signal shows Hp 0 by a horizontal arm of the semaphore signal ou un feu rouge ou deux feux rouges à l'horizontale. Le signal impose au conducteur de s'arrêter devant le signal.
Habituellement, le signal Hp 0 est protégé par un inducteur à 2000 Hz du système de sécurité PZB, qui déclenche un freinage d'urgence en cas de franchissement du signal.
Vr 0 : Annonce de l'arrêt modifier
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A distant signal shows Vr 0 par un disque jaune ou deux feux jaune (celui de droite est plus haut que celui de gauche). Ce signal indique que its home signal présente l'indication Hp 0. Comme le signal d'annnonce est placé à braking distance from the home signal, le conducteur doit to apply the brakes immediatement pour arrêter le train avant d'atteindre the home signal.
Le signal Vr 0 est habituellement accompagné d'un inducteur à 1000 Hz du système de sécurité PZB qui déclence d'abord un signal acoustique qui doit être acquitté par le conducteur, puis qui supervises le freinage. If at any point the system détecte que le train peut ne pas s'arrêter à temps, il déclenche le freinage d'urgence.
Hp 1: Voie libre modifier
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Signal Hp 1, indiqué par le bras levé sur le sémaphore ou par un feu vert, et qui permet au conducteur de franchir le signal, à la vitesse indiquée in his schedule.
Vr 1 : Expect proceed
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Vr 1 indique que le home signal présente l'indication Hp 1. Sur un sémaphore, le disque jaune est tourné à l'horizontale, while light signals show two green lights with the right one above the left one.
Hp 2 : Circulation à vitesse réduite modifier
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If both arms of the semaphore point up, or a green light is show vertically above a yellow light, the train may proceed at reduced speed. Unless another speed is indicated by additional signals, the train must obey a speed limit of 40 km/h. Hp 2 usually indicates that the next block is free, but that some switches are turned in a way that does not allow passing them at full speed.
Vr 2 : Annonce de vitesse réduite modifier
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Le signal Vr 2 ordonne au conducteur de ralentir à 40 km/h avant le home signal showing Hp 2. D'autres limites de vitesse peuvent être indiquées par des signaux additionnels.
Signaux Hl modifier
Les signaux Hl étaient utilisés en Allemagne de l'Est. La partie supérieure du signal est a distant signal, the lower part is the main signal. Signals can also be used without the main aspect or without the distant aspects.
Hl distant aspects
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Il y a un feu vert et un jaune. Les deux peuvent être clignotants. Il peut donc y avoir quatre différent aspects :
Jaune : Expect Stop
Jaune clignotant : Expect Proceed with 40 km/h ou 60 km/h
Vert clignotant : Expect Proceed with 100 km/h
Vert : Expect Proceed with vitesse maximale
Hl main aspects
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Il y a un feu jaune et un rouge sur le signal, et additionally a bar et quatres feux verts et quatre jaunes sous le signal.
Pas de feu : Proceed
Rouge : Arrêt
Jaune : Proceed with speed limit
If there is a speed limit (yellow light) it is shown by the green or yellow bar:
No bar: 40 km/h
Yellow bar: 60 km/h
Green bar : 100 km/h
Kombinationsignale (signaux combinés) modifier
Après la réunification en 1990, un nouveau système de signalisation a été conçu to have a common system in East and West. While West Germany uses signals which simply show the night aspects of the semaphores, East Germany designed new light signals similar to those in other Eastern European countries. So usually, new built signals are Ks signals. That is not obligatory, for the light rail extension in Kassel H/V signals were installed even after 2000, because they didn't want their drivers being irritated. The signals have three lights green, yellow and red, and have only three aspects. There are no new signalling possibilities, all combinations can also be shown with H/V signals and vice versa. The PZB and LZB technologies are used the same way as for H/V signals.
Hp 0 : Arrêt modifier
Un feu rouge.
Le système Ks a le même aspect pour l'arrêt que dans le système H/V.
Ks 1 Proceed at given speed, expect proceed at given speed
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Un feu vert.
Additionally a white number above the signal can reduce the speed. It shows the tenth of the speed limit from this signal. There can also be a yellow number below the signal showing the speed limit from the next signal. It is shown only if the speed limit at the next signal is lower than here. If such a yellow number is shown, le feu vert est clignotant.
Ks 2 Franchissement à une vitesse donnée, annonce de l'arrêt modifier
Un feu jaune.
La vitesse peut être réduite à partir de ce point comme décrit pour le Ks 1.
Signaux additionnels modifier
A number of additional signals provide additional information to the driver or modify the meaning of other signals. They are named "Zs" (Zusatzsignal = Additional signal) plus a number. Names are different in East and West. Names shown here are the names used in West Germany
Zs1 Ersatzsignal modifier
Ersatzsignal = Subsidiary signal
Three white lights aligned as a triangle or one flashing white light.
Meaning: It is allowed to pass this signal with a maximum speed of 40 km/h until the last switch, after last switch with regular speed.
This signal is used, when a signal fails due to several reasons. One possibility is that one or more bulbs don't work, and the wanted aspect cannot be shown. So a signal which should show Hp2 (green + yellow, proceed with 40 km/h) could have a broken yellow bulb. It would show Hp1 (green, proceed with maximum speed). So it must show something else. Another possibility is that one of the automatic checks fails. A switch or track would not give information about its state. Then it must be manually checked that the tracks and switches are free/in right position. Then the signal Zs1 can be given.
Zs2 Richtungsanzeiger modifier
Richtungsanzeiger = Direction display
Shows one single white letter indicating direction. The letter is usually the initial letter of the next station or the next major station.
This signal does not give any specific command to the driver, as driving to the wrong direction is not dangerous by itself, but he should ask if he is led to the wrong direction by intention or by error, so the main signal could be switched back to red and the direction can be changed.
Zs2v Richtungsvoranzeiger modifier
Richtungsvoranzeiger = Distant direction display
Shows one single yellow letter.
Meaning: Expect Zs2
Zs3 Geschwindigkeitsanzeiger modifier
Geschwindigkeitsanzeiger = Indicateur de vitesse
Présente un nombre indiquant le dixième de la vitesse autorisée à ce point.
Habituellement utilisé en combinaison avec des signaux principaux. Les Zs3 sont utilisés pour des limites des vitesse when leaving the main track via switches. Les limites de vitesse générales pour toutes les voies sont données sur des pancartes Lf.
Zs3v Geschwindigkeitsvoranzeiger modifier
Geschwindigkeitsvoranzeiger = Distant speed display
Présente un nombre en jaune indiquant le dixième de la vitesse autorisée from the point where the following Zs3 signal is found.
Habituellement utilisé en combinaison avec distant signals.
Zs4/Zs5 Beschleunigungsanzeiger/Verzögerungsanzeiger modifier
Beschleunigungsanzeiger = Acceleration display
Verzögerungsanzeiger = Delaying display
abandoned
Used to indicate the train driver, that he should accelerate or slow down to optimize the occupancy of the line. A train driver could slow down to avoid a signal showing "Stop" for himself, or accelerate to avoid a stop for the following train.
Zs6 Gleiswechselanzeiger modifier
Gleiswechselanzeiger = Platform change display
(East name: Zs7)
Indicates that the left (the wrong) track is used from this signal.
Used only in combination with main signals. Used on lines, where the wrong track can be used regularly.
Zs7 Vorsichtsignal modifier
Vorsichtsignal = Warning signal
(East name: Zs11) Three yellow lights aligned as a triangle pointing down.
Meaning: Train may pass this signal but must be prepared to stop at any obstacle.
Used only in combination with main signals.
This signal is used for the same cases as Zs1. The difference is that for a Zs1 it must be checked that the path is clear where at a Zs7 the train driver must check that the path is clear.
Zs8 Falschfahrt-Auftragssignal modifier
Falschfahrt-Auftragssignal = Wrong direction order signal
Three white flashing lights aligned as a triangle or a flashing diagonal light
Indicates that the left (the wrong) track is used from this signal.
Used only in combination with main signals. Used on lines, where the wrong track cannot be used regularly.
Zs10 Ende der Geschwindigkeitsbeschränkung modifier
Ende der Geschwindigkeitsbeschränkung = Fin de restriction de vitesse
Une flèche noire avec white border pointing up.
Signification : fin de restriction de vitesse donnée par Zs3
Langsamfahrsignale (limitations de vitesse) modifier
Langsamfahrsignale = Slow travel signal (speed limit)
There are several plates to post speed limits. Basically, there is a sign posting the maximum speed and if the new speed is slower than the speed before, there is a distant sign.
The Lf1, Lf4 and Lf6 plates are distant speed limits. The Lf2, Lf5 and Lf7 are speed limits. The Lf3 plate is the end of a temporary speed limit. The end of a permanent speed limit is usually not shown.
There are changes in 2007 :
Les pancartes Lf4 et Lf5 sont obsolètes remplacées par Lf6 et Lf7.
A higher speed than before will now always be shown by a Lf7.
Nebensignale modifier
Additional signals are in no other category and are advisory rather than mandatory.
Ne1 Trapeztafel modifier
Trapeztafel = Trapezoid board
Meaning: Missing main (entry) signal
Trains must stop here, if specified in timetable. Train must wait for optical or acoustical signal to proceed.
Ne2 Vorsignaltafel modifier
Vorsignaltafel = Distant signal board
Used alone or in combination with a distant signal. Meaning: This is a distant signal. (Even if there is none visible)
A main signal, shunting signal or a Ne1 will be found at braking distance. Unless a distant signal, distant signal repeater or main signal is visible, the train driver treats this signal as "Vr0 or Ks2: Expect Stop".
Every distant signal is mounted with a Ne2 plate. Distant signal repeaters or distant signals mounted in combination with a main signal do not have a Ne2 plate.
Ne3 Vorsignalbaken modifier
Vorsignalbaken = Distant signal beacon
Used to announce distant signals. Posted 250m, 175m and 100m before distant signal.
Generally 3 plates are used. Up to 5 can be used at bad view. Less are used, if the distance to the previous main signal is too short.
Ne4 Schachbretttafel modifier
Schachbretttafel = Checkerboard
Used to indicate that a signal is at another place than expected. This plate is posted where the signal would be expected.
Ne5 Haltetafel modifier
Haltetafel = Stop board
Utilisé pour indiquer le point d'arrêt des trains de voyageurs.
Ne6 Haltepunkttafel modifier
Haltetafel = Stopping point board
Meaning: Expect Ne5
Ne7 Schneepflugsignal modifier
Schneepflugsignal = Snow plow signal
Gives information how to use the snow plow.
Schutzsignale (signaux de manœuvre) modifier
Ces signaux guard shunting movements. Schutzsignale = guard signals. Shunting movements do not leave a station whereas train movements do. Ces signaux sont parfois combinés avec des main signals, which is the reason why main signals sometimes have one red light and sometimes two. Historiquement, shunting movements sont autorisés à ignorer main signals. They had to stop only at main signals with two red lights, because a double red light means Hp0 (stop for train movements) and additionally Sh0 (stop for shunting movements). When they were allowed to pass this signal, it showed a red and two white lights, still forbidding train movements (Hp0 + Sh1). After a change, a red always means stop for all movements. Therefore un seul feu rouge est nécessaire. Un double feu rouge a la même signification et Sh0 est aujourd'hui presque équivalent à Hp0 and will be replaced in most cases.
Sh0:
One or two (formerly: Two) red lights aligned horizontally
Meaning: Stop for shunting movements
This signal is obsolete and being replaced by Hp0.
Sh1:
Two white lights aligned diagonally and an optional red light.
Meaning: Shunting allowed
Sh2:
A rectangular red plate
Signification : Arrêt
Utilisé en fin de voie
Signaux concernant l'alimentation électrique modifier
Divers modifier
Kennlicht modifier
One white light
Meaning:
Only a white light on a signal: This signal is invalid, ignore it!
A white light on a H/V distant signal: The distance to main signal is shorter than usual (when signal has a Ne2-plate) or this is a repeater (without Ne2-plate).
A white light in the top left corner of a Ks-Signal: The distance to main signal is shorter than usual.
A white light in the bottom left corner of a Ks-Signal: This is a repeater.
A flashing white light: Not a Kennlicht, see Zs1
Two white lights: Not a Kennlicht, see Sh1
Exemples modifier
Exemple 1 modifier
Entering a station (see image)
Left: Secondary line with minimum signalling
Right: Main Line with standard signalling
Exemple 2 modifier
The lower track is blocked. A train going from left to right cannot use the regular track. It must use the wrong track. The exit-signal of the left station shows Hp0 (One or two red lights:"Stop"), because there is no regular route to the wrong track. The signal shows also Zs8 (Three white flashing lights: "Proceed on wrong track"). The signal cannot show Sh1 ("Shunting allowed") in this case, because the ride would end at the Ra10-plate ("Stop for shunting movements"). When approaching the next station, the train will find an Ne2-plate, which substitiutes a distant signal and in this case means "Expect Stop". At the position of the entry-signal of the right station a Ne4 plate shows that a signal ist not where it is expected. Instead, the signal is mounted right of the track. This signal shows Sh1 (Two white lights: "Shunting allowed"), the train may enter the station. The signal could also stand on the left side of the track, the Ne4 plate is not used then.
Exemple 3 modifier
How Kennlichts are used. On the first signal you see Hp1/Vr1 as described in the H/V section of this article. On the next one you see Hp1/Vr0, which means "proceed, expect stop at braking distance". On the third one, you see a Kennlicht, which means that the main signal is switched off (=there is none). The distant signal shows Vr0 + Kennlicht, which means "expect stop before braking distance". The last one shows the expected "stop". These combinations are used, if the signals are mounted at the half braking distance.
Galerie modifier
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Main signal switched off, distant signal shows "expect stop at short distance" -
Main signal always showing Hp0, an El6 plate in the catenary and an Sh2 plate at the end of the track -
Un signal Ks (principal et annonce).Can additionally show Zs3, Zs3v and Zs7 -
Four new Ks distant repeaters and one old H/V distant repeater showing "Expect Stop" -
Un ancien sémaphore et un nouveau signal Ks, tous les deux capables de présenter l'indication"Proceed with 50 km/h"et "Arrêt" ;new signal may also show Zs1 and Zs6 -
Signaux Ks montés au-dessus de la voie -
Handmade "G2a" (the tram signal with the same meaning as Lf7) -
Une limitation de vitesse à 20km/h Lf7,a handmade Zs3v "Expect speed limit 15km/h", and an H/V main signal showing Hp0 "Stop" -
The situation beyond the last picture, speed limit still 20km/h, except for "RT-Fahrzeuge" which are reduced to 15km/h by the Zs3 plate mounted on top of an H/V main signal showing "Stop".
Liens externes modifier
- (de) "Grundwissen Bahn", Europa Lehrmittel, (ISBN 3-8085-7402-X), pages 28–44.
{{Portail|Chemin de fer}} Catégorie:Signalisation ferroviaire Catégorie:Transport ferroviaire en Allemagne