The phylogeny is based on that of Adl et al. (2012) with major eukaryotic supergroups named in boxes. Letters next to taxon names denote the presence of biomineralization, with circled letters indicating prominent and widespread use of that biomineral. S, silica; C, calcium carbonate; P, calcium phosphate; I, iron (magnetite/goethite); X, calcium oxalate; SO4, sulfates (calcium/barium/strontium), ? denotes uncertainty in report. Based on Ensikat et al. (2016), Gal et al. (2012), Knoll (2003), Knoll and Kotrc (2015), Marron et al. (2016b), Raven and Knoll (2010), Weich et al. (1989), and references therein.

• Adl, S. M., Simpson, A. G. B., Lane, C. E., Lukeš, J., Bass, D., Bowser, S. S., et al. (2012). The revised classification of eukaryotes. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 59, 429–493. doi: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00644.x
• Ensikat, H.-J., Geisler, T., and Weigend, M. (2016). A first report of hydroxylated apatite as structural biomineral in Loasaceae-plants' teeth against herbivores. Sci. Rep. 6:26073. doi: 10.1038/srep26073
• Gal, A., Hirsch, A., Siegel, S., Li, C., Aichmayer, B., Politi, Y., et al. (2012). Plant cystoliths : a complex functional biocomposite of four distinct silica and amorphous calcium carbonate phases. Chem. A Eur. J. 18, 10262–10270. doi: 10.1002/chem.201201111
• Knoll, A. H. (2003). “Biomineralization and evolutionary history,” in Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry: Biomineralization, eds P. M. Dove, J. J. Deyoreo, and S. Weiner (Washington, DC: Mineralogical Society of America), 329–356.
• Marron, A. O., Ratcliffe, S., Wheeler, G. L., Goldstein, R. E., King, N., Not, F., et al. (2016b). The evolution of silicon transport in eukaryotes. Mol. Biol. Evol. 33, 3226–3248. doi: 10.1093/molbev/msw209
• Raven, J. A., and Knoll, A. H. (2010). Non-skeletal biomineralization by eukaryotes: matters of moment and gravity. Geomicrobiol. J. 27, 572–584. doi: 10.1080/01490451003702990
• Weich, R. G., Lundberg, P., Vogel, H. J., and Jensén, P. (1989). Phosphorus-31 NMR studies of cell wall-associated calcium-phosphates in Ulva lactuca. Plant Physiol. 90, 230–236. doi: 10.1104/pp.90.1.230